This is an essay I wrote about one and a half years ago. I don't ingest illegal substances. Totally clean. Here's to the day when Psilocybin Mushrooms are seriously institutionally evaluated for their purported healing properties.
‘Magic Mushrooms’ is a slang term for many species of fungus that contain the psychoactive chemical psilocybin (known to produce a dramatic hallucinogenic mind state generally classified as a ‘trip’

. Psilocybin was chemically isolated in 1958 by a chemist named Albert Hoffman, after which scientists conducted many studies concerning its psychological effects. Recreational use became somewhat widespread in the United States during the 1960s (Peden 417). By 1970, the United States Government designated Psilocybin as a Schedule I substance, meaning that it has no recognized medical potential and has a high potential for abuse (Vollenweider 642); but independent scientific research has called these assertions into question. While its true that this powerful drug can be quite hazardous, studies suggest that psilocybin could provide valuable functions for society.
Dr. Marie-Luare Espiard of The University of Paris describes Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (also known as HPPD: an uncomfortable mental disorder brought on by hallucinogen use in which people experience ‘spontaneous and recurrent unbidden images’

as a reason for keeping psilocybin in the Schedule I category. Furthermore, psilocybin use does not have to be chronic for someone to suffer from HPPD. The disorder is terrifying, and can also last for five years or more. One eighteen year old patient started experiencing HPPD after combining mushrooms with cannabis. He referred to the symptoms as ‘distressful and highly unpleasant. After being put on the psychoactive medications Sertraline (150mg) and Risperidol (two mg) his well-being appeared to improve, but he still feels uncomfortable in social situations. However, this patient did experience marked anxiety before taking any drugs (2-3).
The ‘bad trip’ is an intensely dysphoric hallucinogenic experience characterized by feelings of extreme dread and despair. Dr Norman Peden of Ninewells Hospital and Medical School in Scotland analyzed forty four patients who were admitted to the emergency department (most due to a ‘bad trip’

after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms (418).
Physical effects were ghastly: eleven patients ‘vomited prior to appearing at hospital’, twelve experienced nausea, nine patients had upper abdominal pain’, four were incontinent of urine, ten experienced tachycardia of over 100bpm, and seventeen ‘were significantly hypertensive’ (Peden 418).
Peden described mental effects similar in magnitude; seven were ‘aggressive and uncooperative’; five became hyper-kinetic; four expressed extreme euphoria, and four fell victim to catatonia. In all, twenty six described the experience as frightening (three patients even believed they were dying and one ‘wanted to commit suicide’

(419).
The effects of psilocybin overdose are blatantly serious, but Dr. Peden does note that none of the patients ‘returned to the hospital with late phenomena such as flashbacks, panic attacks or psychotic episodes’ (HPPD), and that ‘bad trips’ are ‘said to be uncommon’ when ingesting psilocybin.
This analysis concluded ‘no obvious dose response relationship between number of mushrooms ingested and effects’, which conforms with the postulation that psilocybin produces rapid biological tolerance (making it more safe). Also, treating a psilocybin overdose is neither ‘necessary or desirable since the effects of the mushrooms are usually short-lived’; and while the physical effects of psilocybin mushrooms (as demonstrated by this study) appear to be painful, Peden would be surprised it the ‘patients didn't accidentally consume other mushroom species’ at the same time (leading to more physical complications); in fact, many varieties of mushrooms produce extreme physical discomfort, some fatally so, but not any that contain psilocybin. The authors posit that the most hazardous risk of psilocybin use is due to the dramatic ‘alteration in behavior’. For instance, one patient was found walking completely naked along a train rail (420-423). Such a threat could surely be accounted for if the substance is taken in a scientific setting. Overall, Peden indicates that psilocybin can be used safely if taken under medical supervision.
In contrast to psilocybin causing mental derangement, D.F. Duncan, a prominent official at a drug abuse clinic in Texas, cites polar observations almost forty years ago. Even given the lack of knowledge regarding hallucinogenic drugs (which often led to poor settings and numerous ‘bad trips’

, early studies indicated that such ‘drugs may have a useful and important role to play in modern correction’. Timothy Leary, professor at Harvard, ‘administered psilocybin to over four hundred volunteers’, reaching three broad conclusions: psilocybin ingestion leads to no long term malady, the setting in which the drug is taken substantially influences the drug effect, and the experience often leads to feelings of spiritual knowledge gained or dramatic insight. Interestingly, though less than ‘ten percent of [Leary’s] original sample were orthodox believers or churchgoers’, religious terms such as ‘G-d’ and ‘divine’ existed in over fifty percent of subject reports (291-292).
Leary’s study was revealing, but it has a major flaw. While the scientific community has established that psilocybin overdose is not threatening in a physical sense, Timothy Leary’s credibility is tarnished by his refusal to believe in negative effects of psilocybin use. However, despite Leary’s failings, it would be preemptive to entirely discount his findings (Duncan 291).
Duncan notes that Timothy Leary also conducted a similar study specifically within the prison population. Prisoners are typically resistant to clinical psychology and rarely have strong views of religion and morality (making them desirable participants). The study involved thirty six inmates who ingested the drug in a spacious hospital room with six cots, a large table, and a record player. Leary noted that there were often ‘common feelings of depression and fear encountered in the early stage of the experiment’. But while paranoid feelings and panic were present, they existed in rare moments, and ‘presented no real danger’. In retrospect, only five percent of prisoners returned to jail after being released (contrasted with an average of fifty to seventy percent at the facility in which he conducted his research). Though the prison study does provide insight, there was never a long term follow-up on those individuals; ‘the full value’ cannot be assessed (292-294).
In totality, within Leary’s experiments, everyone who took psilocybin described an experience ‘heavily laced with religious terms’. Additionally, subjects showed ‘statistically significant’ increases in social aptitude, responsibility, tolerance, and insight after their experience (Duncan 293). Duncan’s findings conclude that psilocybin could be of medical value.
Timothy Kirn reports that a child psychiatry expert at Harbor-UCLA Hospital in California somewhat concurs Leary’s findings, and hopes to open new venues in the form of psilocybin treating mental illness. Kirn notes that though psilocybin does elevate blood pressure and heart rate, one ‘would have to eat the equivalent of his or her body weight’ at once to kill themself with psilocybin mushrooms (making it exponentially more safe than many more legal drugs). He additionally references a study in which patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder were rated based on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale before and after they were given psilocybin during four separate sessions; occasionally within a session ‘scores dropped to 0’, and many subjects ‘showed definite improvement’. Kirn hopes research continues in areas that indicate special promise: ‘alcoholics and patients suffering from cancer-related anxiety’ (2-3). This expert’s qualified support furthers the prospect of psilocybin being safely used for medicinal purpose.
Dr. Franz Vollenweider, nueropsychopharmacology expert at a psychiatric hospital in Zurich, is another professional who explicitly advocates for less than absolute restriction on psilocybin. He states that psilocybin mushrooms have been used ‘traditionally by many indigenous cultures in medical and religious practices for centuries, if not millennia’ (throughout South America, Central America, and Mexico), indicating that this substance isn’t inherently evil, but rather functions as a traditional sacrament for a plethora of human cultures (who have used it safely for generations). He also notes (as did Leary) that the effect of psychedelic drugs depends largely on biochemistry and the mental health of the one taking it, as well as their expectations and the setting in which the drug is taken; through these variables, one may experience anything from a feeling of complete unity to ‘full-blown panic’. Importantly, such factors could significantly manipulated to produce a favorable outcome; if someone isn’t proven to possess the mental cohesion to withstand probable (but by no means dominant) negative feelings throughout the ‘trip’, then they shouldn’t be allowed to take the substance. While testing this aspect can be difficult, artificially high standards (in terms of verifying mental health) could be employed to drastically lower any risk (642-644).