The combo isn't inherently dangerous as long as the doses are kept low, and I've seen the two prescribed together (with dose restrictions of course). The half-life for vyvanse is quite long, 9 hours to be precise (though I keep seeing the elimination half-life as 1 hour, not sure what that means). So essentially, it would be around 5 half-lives before it's roughly out of your system, which would be 45 hours.
Now obviously you don't have to wait til it's completely out of your system and I'm almost positive you can take the tramadol now and be fine, I just personally don't give the okay when dealing with risky combos even if the risk is low, since this is a harm reduction forum and I don't want people coming back explaining how my advice caused injury... but I'm sure you will get responses saying your in the clear. When mixing the two, just keep the doses conservative, don't eat more than 300mgs of tramadol and keep the vyvanse dose below 50mgs if you can. As of now, you have roughly 40mgs of vyvanse in your system in case your curious.
You can calculate how much of a drug is in your system by it's half life, which can be found through google. In this case it's 9 hours. So every nine hours half of the drug is removed from your body. For example, at 9 hours you have 35mgs, at 18 hours you have 17.5mgs, at 36 hours you have ~9mgs etc...