Prohibition to Blame for UK Ecstasy Deaths

poledriver

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Prohibition to Blame for UK Ecstasy Deaths

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A father-of-three from the West Midlands is among four young men who have died in the UK during the past ten days after using ecstasy. Police suspect that Daniel Bagnall, 27, Gediminas Kulokas, 24, John Hocking, 20, and Eustace Ropas, 22, had all consumed ecstasy from a certain batch – in which the pills (pictured) had been coloured red and imprinted with a Superman logo – before their deaths.

Detective Chief Inspector Sean Paley urged people to avoid using illicit drugs due to the inherent risk: “you don’t know what they are made of or where they have come from,” he stated.

Despite the tragic and deadly outcome of drug use for these young men, ecstasy is not to blame for their deaths. These four men had their lives cut short because of an irresponsible government policy that puts the production and trade of ecstasy in the hands of an unregulated criminal black market. Ecstasy, the pill form of MDMA, is a relatively safe narcotic – although it has been categorised by the government as a Class A drug. Despite having negative side effects, the harm posed to the user, as well as to others, is far lower with ecstasy than with many other illegal and legal drugs.

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The safety of ecstasy is significantly compromised by its illegality. As the substance is illegal and its production is unregulated, ecstasy pills are often adulterated with dangerous ingredients. In the case of the Superman pills, investigation has found a large concentration of PMMA (para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine) – a substance which mimics some effects of MDMA but is vastly more dangerous due to the small quantity needed to cause accidental overdose deaths. These recent deaths are not the first PMMA-related fatalities; at least ten people have died due to the drug in the United Kingdom and Ireland since 2010, and many more such deaths have been reported around the world.

Approximately half a million Britons are estimated to consume some form of MDMA each year, and most of them have safe experiences. However, the continued prohibition of the drug allows dealers to profiteer by diluting the substance with other ingredients or chemicals; clandestinely selling a cheaper alternative product to users improves the seller’s revenue while simultaneously increasing the user’s risk. This is a status quo that exists among the sales of all illegal narcotics, solely due to the War on Drugs. However it is particularly dangerous for drugs that are sold in a pill or powder form, as such substances are easier to adulterate. For example, users of the dried flowers and leaves of the marijuana plant would be more likely to recognise an adulterated batch of their preferred drug than users of a MDMA, a nondescript white powder.

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MDMA, or is it PMMA?

In a bid to prevent further deaths from the Superman ecstasy, the police have offered a temporary drug amnesty for any individuals with such pills who wish to surrender them without fear of legal proceedings. Superintendent Louisa Pepper asked for any members of the public with the drug to come forward: “please don’t be worried about any sort of prosecution because we genuinely just want the drugs off the streets. We view this particular drug as especially dangerous and want to prevent further deaths and save lives”. Despite this well-intentioned move by the police, it is unlikely to have any lasting effect on the health of drug users, as it is inevitable that further dangerous batches of drugs will emerge in the future.

Creating a legal and regulated market for MDMA/ecstasy (as well as other currently illegal drugs) would be the most effective method to remove the risk of adulterated substances. Individuals who choose to drink alcohol do not have to fear that their lager or vodka has been diluted with unknown poisonous substances because the production of alcohol is strictly regulated. Due to the repressive political climate surrounding drug policy in Britain, it is unlikely that legislation on Class A drugs will be repealed or altered in the near future. However, there is an innovative way for users to reduce the possibility of harm from illegal substances: drug-testing facilities.

Cont -

http://theprohibitionpost.com/prohibition-to-blame-for-uk-ecstasy-deaths/
 
I'm surprised cannabis is so high on the chart, I wonder how they work it out. Cannabis more harmful to others than meth?
 
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I'm surprised cannabis is so high on the chart, I wonder how they work it out. Cannabis more harmful to others than meth?

The rankings in that Lancet article were extremely subjective and I could go on ad nauseum about the things I disagree with. But, it's accurate in one important way: it shows that there really isn't any correlation between harm and legal status.
 
Yeah I am confused about the harm to others data. Do they mean causing accidents or going psychotic or angry and beating people up...?

I'd rather get in a car with a stoned driver than someone tripping balls on LSD (which according to the chart causes 0 harm to others) any day.
 
Yeah I am confused about the harm to others data. Do they mean causing accidents or going psychotic or angry and beating people up...?

I'd rather get in a car with a stoned driver than someone tripping balls on LSD (which according to the chart causes 0 harm to others) any day.

I'd imagine it means harm to individuals and property i.e theft, robbery etc. And yes, drink /drug driving, assault whilst under the influence.
 
^ and it surely is in the uk.

but it's a bit silly to put harm for an individual and harm for society (depending on how large the proportion of users is) in one chart.
still i appreciate them finding a way to put alcohol on top ;)
 
I would guess that the biggest factors contributing harm to others would be car accidents, followed by violence. Even then I can't see how ketamine would be harmful for anyone else other than the user.
 
In a society where all drugs were regulated equally, I imagine that the most harm to others would come from alcohol, followed by potent stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamine, and that everything else would be far behind.
 
I would guess that the biggest factors contributing harm to others would be car accidents, followed by violence. Even then I can't see how ketamine would be harmful for anyone else other than the user.

It's possible they take strain on the medical system into account in that regard. I've also heard (although I don't remember where, so take this with a grain of salt) that in parts of the UK ketamine is one of the drugs of choice amongst street kids, which would contribute to acquisitive crime in order to fund their use.

In a society where all drugs were regulated equally, I imagine that the most harm to others would come from alcohol, followed by potent stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamine, and that everything else would be far behind.

I don't think a society where all drugs are regulated equally would be any better than a society where all drugs are prohibited - possibly worse. What's needed is regulation on a case by case basis, where a scientifically informed policy is slowly composed for each individual substance to strike the optimal balance between the harm caused by the drug itself and the harm caused by the prohibition of the drug.
 
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You also have to take into account that people aren't always entirely honest about drug use, I know whenever I have been arrested I never admit I have taken drugs or have a drug problem because they are less likely to give grant bail.
 
The Superman pill deaths are the result of our illogical drugs policy

The lethal substance responsible, PMA, was produced as a direct consequence of banning a number of ecstasy precursor chemicals

The past week has seen a number of drug disasters in the UK, one of which is the unexpected deaths of three men, two from Ipswich and one from Telford. They all appear to have taken a drug called PMA (phenoxymethylamphetamine). We presume that they did not know this was what was in the pills bearing the Superman logo that they bought – it seems likely they thought it was ecstasy (MDMA). PMA and its close relative PMMA are not new drugs; they were made in the 1950s and tested for beneficial mood effects then. However, they didn’t provide a clear positive effect so were discarded, though were made illegal under the UN conventions.

They have in the past few years re-emerged as a toxic surrogate for ecstasy. In this period they have been responsible for more than 100 deaths in the UK, and now the majority of deaths that the media report as being due to “ecstasy” are, in fact, caused by PMA and PMMA.

Their re-emergence is directly due to the international community’s attempts, via UN conventions, to stop the use of MDMA by prohibiting its production and sale. As the earlier UN drug control conventions were clearly not working, in 1988 a further attempt to limit drug use by impairing production was made by banning a number of precursor chemicals. One of these is safrole, the precursor of MDMA. In 2010 there was a massive seizure of 50 tonnes of safrole in Thailand. This did significantly dent availability for MDMA production, so chemists looked for an alternative source of a suitable precursor. Aniseed oil seemed the ideal alternative, as it is chemically very similar to safrole, so this was used. Unfortunately the product that results from using the MDMA production process with aniseed oil is PMA or PMMA. Hence these substances only exist because of the blockade of MDMA production. That in itself wouldn’t particularly matter if they were not more toxic than MDMA.

PMA/PMMA are significantly more toxic than MDMA for three reasons. First they are more potent, up to 10 times so. This means that a user who is typically safely using MDMA at a dose of 80mg per session will be taking the equivalent of 800mg of MDMA if they take 80mg of PMA. Secondly, PMA works more slowly than MDMA so when users don’t get the expected effects of MDMA about 30 minutes after taking the drug they think they have been sold a weak lot and may take another dose to make up for this. Then, when the effects of PMA kick in at around two hours, they have taken far too much. Thirdly PMA and PMMA are not pharmacological equivalents of MDMA. They have very different actions, which is why they were discarded after first testing. Their major problem is that they block the actions of the brain enzymes that offset the desired effects of serotonin and dopamine release that PMA/PMMA produce. This then massively accentuates their toxicity as the brain can’t compensate for the increase in serotonin so users can develop serotonin syndrome. This is a toxic reaction that elevates body temperature to a dangerous, and in some cases lethal, level.

The emergence of the more toxic PMA following the so-called “success” in reducing MDMA production is just one of many examples of how prohibition of one drug leads to greater harm from an alternative that is developed to overcome the block. This first became obvious when the US pursued alcohol prohibition in the 1920s and many switched to hootch, which was illicitly distilled ethanol, and some even to methanol, both of which are more poisonous than regulated alcohol. The banning of smoking opium led to the increased production and injecting of a more potent and dangerous opiate, heroin.

There are several proven ways we can we stop this rising tide of PMA/PMMA deaths. One, well established in the Netherlands, is to make testing facilities available to the public without fear of prosecution. This serves not only to warn the users when they have purchased something that wasn’t what they were expecting but also allows the state to monitor the emergence of new, possibly more toxic recreational drugs and put out warnings. A more radical approach as explained by Transform would be to make safe doses of pure MDMA (eg 80mg/day) available to registered users in a regulated fashion, for example, via pharmacists.

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http://www.theguardian.com/commenti...ill-ecstasy-pma-deaths-drugs-policy?CMP=fb_gu
 
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