Nelumbo Nucifera - ingredients and uses.

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Next plant profile.

Nelumbo nucifera - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

The lotus flower has an astringent, calming, blood pressure-lowering, vasodilating, haemostatic, fever-reducing, heart-strengthening, cooling, stomach-strengthening and tonic effect. Due to its properties, it is used in the following areas: Cancer. menstrual cramps.

some compouds from it made it to wikipedia:

Miquelianin - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Coclaurine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Higenamine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

a paper related to Higenamine:

2016 - Applications of Higenamine in parmacology and medicine

no entry from rätschs enxeclopedia though.

 

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from the following paper:

2021 - Antioxidant and Inflammatory Effects of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Leaves

This study is aimed at identifying the bioactive components in lotus leaf flavonoid extract (LLFE) and analyzing the antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory activities of LLFE in vitro and in vivo. The flavonoids in LLFE were determined by UHPLC-MS/MS. The
effect of LLFE on damaged 293T cells (H2O2, 0.3 mmol/L) was determined by MTT assay, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes
was measured by kits. We studied the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of LLFE on D-Gal/LPS (30 mg/kg·bw and 3 µg/
kg·bw)-induced aging mice. We also evaluated the main organ index, pathological changes in the liver, lung, and kidney, liver
function index, biochemical index, cytokine level, and mRNA expression level in serum and liver. The results showed that
LLFE contains baicalein, kaempferol, kaempferid, quercetin, isorhamnetin, hyperoside, lespenephryl, and rutin. LLFE reduced
the oxidative damage sustained by 293T cells, increased the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, and GSH-Px, and decreased the level of
MDA. The animal studies revealed that LLFE reduced oxidative damage and inflammation in injured mice, inhibited increases
in AST, ALT, MDA, and NO, increased SOD, CAT, GSH, and GSH-Px levels, upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10
and IL-12, and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-a, and IFN-?. Furthermore, the expression of
antioxidant- and anti-inflammatory-related mRNA was consistent with the above results.

 

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from the following paper:

2018 - Nelumbo nucifera Seed Extract Promotes Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster

The sleep-promoting effects of the water extract of Nelumbo nucifera seeds (NNE) were investigated in
an invertebrate model. The effects of NNE on the subjective nighttime activity, sleep episodes, and sleep time
were determined using Drosophila melanogaster and locomotor activity monitoring systems in basal and caffeine-
induced arousal conditions. The movements of fruit flies were analyzed using the Noldus EthoVision-XT
system, and the levels of neuromodulators were analyzed using HPLC. Expression of neuromodulator receptors
was analyzed using real-time PCR. NNE was shown to contain neurotransmission-related components;
?-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (2.330.22 mg/g), tryptophan (2.000.06 mg/g), quinidine (0.550.33 mg/g),
and neferine (0.160.01 mg/g). The total activity of flies during nighttime was decreased by 52% with 1.0%
NNE treatment. In the individual and collective conditions, the subjective nighttime activities (45/38%) and
sleep bouts (20/14%) of flies was significantly decreased with NNE treatment, while total sleep times (10/27%)
were significantly increased. This sleep-promoting effect is more pronounced in caffeine-treated conditions;
the nighttime activity of flies was reduced by 53%, but total sleep time was increased by 60%. Our videotracking
analysis showed a significant decrease of the moving distance and velocity of flies by NNE. This
NNE-mediated sleep-promoting effect was associated with up-regulation of GABAA/GABAB and serotonin
receptors. The NNE-mediated increase of GABA content was identified in flies. These results demonstrate
that NNE effectively promotes sleep in flies by regulating the GABAergic/serotonergic neuromodulators, and
could be an alternative agent for sleep promotion.

 

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2020 - Neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid of Nelumbo nucifera, inhibits glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals through 5ht1a receptors

Neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid present in Nelumbo nucifera, has been reported to exhibit neuroprotective
effects. Because reduced glutamatergic transmission through inhibition of glutamate release has been
proposed as a mechanism of neuroprotection, we investigated whether and how neferine inhibits glutamate
release in the nerve terminals of the cerebral cortex of rats. The results demonstrated that neferine inhibits the
glutamate release that is evoked by the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine, doing so in a dosedependent
manner. This effect was prevented by removing extracellular calcium and blocking vesicular transporters
or N- and P/Q-type calcium channels but not by blocking glutamate transporters. Neferine decreased the
4-aminopyridine-stimulated elevation in intrasynaptosomal calcium concentration; however, it had no effect on
the synaptosomal membrane potential. The inhibition of glutamate release by neferine was also eliminated by
the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5HT1A) receptor antagonist WAY100635, Gi/o protein inhibitor pertussis
toxin, adenylyl cyclase inhibitor MDL12330A, and protein kinase A inhibitor H89. Moreover, immunocytochemical
analysis revealed the presence of 5-HT1A receptor proteins in the vesicular transporter of glutamate
type 1 positive synaptosomes. The molecular docking study also demonstrated that neferine exhibited the highest
binding affinity with 5-HT1A receptors (Autodock scores for 5-HA1A = ?? 11.4 kcal/mol). Collectively, these results
suggested that neferine activates 5-HT1A receptors in cortical synaptosomes, which decreases calcium influx
and glutamate release through the activation of Gi/o protein and the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/
protein kinase A cascade.

 

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2021 - Discovery of eight alkaloids with D1 and D2 antagonist activity in leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Using FLIPR assays

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Dopamine receptors are long-standing primary targets in the treatment of mental
diseases and there is growing evidence that suggests relationships between obesity and the dopamine system,
especially dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (lotus leaves) have been medically
used for helping long-term maintenance of weight loss. Whether and how components of lotus leaves function
through the dopamine receptors remains unclear.
Aim of the study: This work aimed to discover dopamine receptor-active alkaloids isolated from the lotus leaves,
to evaluate their potencies and to analyze their structure activity relationship.
Materials and methods: Dried lotus leaves were prepared and total extract was divided into alkaloids and flavones.
Eight alkaloids were separated and characterized by a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography,
quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and assayed by a fluorometric
imaging plate reader platform. Human embryonic kidney 239 cell lines expressing dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin
2A (5-HT2A) receptors, respectively, were cultured and used in the assay.
Results: Alkaloids in the lotus leaves were the bioactive phytochemicals and inhibited dopamine from accessing
the D1 and D2 receptors. All eight compounds functioned as D1-receptor antagonists and except N-nornuciferine,
seven alkaloids functioned as D2-receptor antagonists. (S)-coclaurine and (R)-coclaurine are optical isomers and
antagonized both D1 and D2 with equivalent potencies, suggesting that the optical rotation of the methylene
linker in the monobenzyl isoquinoline backbone did not influence their activity. Among the eight alkaloids, Onornuciferine
was the potent antagonist to both receptors (the lowest IC50 values, D1: 2.09 ± 0.65 µM and D2:
1.14 ± 0.10 µM) while N-nornuciferine was found to be the least potent as it moderately antagonized D1 and was
inactive on D2. O-nornuciferine was also a 5-HT2A antagonist (IC50~20 µM) while N-nornuciferine had no
activity. These hinted the importance of a methyl group attached to the nitrogen atom in the aporphine backbone.
Armepavine showed a nearly 10-fold selectivity to D2.
Conclusions: In this work, eight alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. and assayed on
the D1 and D2 receptors. They were D1/D2 antagonists with IC50 values in the mid- to low-micromolar range and
O-nornuciferine was the most potent alkaloid among the eight. This family of alkaloids was biochemically
evaluated on the dopamine receptors by the same platform for the first time.

 

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2018 - Flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., a medicinal plant

Conclusions and Future Research Directions
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. is one of the most important medicinal plants used in various traditional
medicines. N. nucifera is a natural source of many potent flavonoids exhibiting various effective
pharmacological activities. Nowadays, many pharmacological activities such as anti-angiogenic,
anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities of flavonoids isolated from this medicinal species
have been described. However, most of these pharmacological activities still need further research
investigations before leading to the discovery of potent drugs from the extracts of this plant species
and their large-scale development.
In particular, from this literature review, several points appeared essential for future perspectives
and research directions:
(1) To reach the maximum potential of this species as the raw plant material and the source of
potential flavonoids, the cultivars, developmental stages, parts of plant, seasons and time to
harvest are the major factors that should be considered.
(2) In the use of traditional medicines, there are many local names of this species depending on the
areas and country. Some other plant may also be called by a similar name. Therefore, species
authentication needs to be done before using it for medical and pharmaceutical applications.
(3) The geographic regions of the raw material should also be considered and compared in the future
research from various Asian countries to determine the effect of environmental factors on the
quality and quantity of phytochemicals.
(4) As a consequence of the last point, not only local medicinal plant species but also the wild and/or
various local ecotypes are interesting for the future studies to discover novel phytochemical
compounds to increase the alternative sources of raw material for medical and pharmaceutical
applications. Research on the profiling and identification of new flavonoids is still a future
challenge for the many unknown reported areas of Asia.
(5) For many pharmacological activities, the molecular mechanisms and/or signaling pathways
need to be further clarified in the future research. In particular, there are few works to date on the
biological activities of purified flavonoid C-glycosides (FCGs) from lotus.
(6) The indications of losing activity or adverse effects following prolonged exposure of extract or
products should be investigated in future research studies.

 

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2021 - Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide in the Ethanol Extract of Lotus Leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) Enhances Sleep Quantity and Quality in a Rodent Model via a GABAergic Mechanism

Abstract: Current pharmacological treatments for insomnia carry several and long-term side effects.
Therefore, natural products without side effects are warranted. In this study, the sleep-promoting
activity of the lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) extract was assessed using ICR mice and Sprague Dawley
rats. A pentobarbital-induced sleep test and electroencephalogram analysis were conducted to
measure sleep latency time, duration, and sleep architecture. The action mechanism of the extract
was evaluated through ligand binding experiments. A high dose (300 mg/kg) of the ethanolic
lotus leaf extract significantly increased sleep duration compared to the normal group (p < 0.01).
Administration of low (150 mg/kg) and high doses (300 mg/kg) of the extract significantly increased
sleep quality, especially the relative power of theta waves (p < 0.05), compared to the normal
group. Furthermore, caffeine and lotus leaf extract administration significantly recovered caffeineinduced
sleep disruption (p < 0.001), and the sleep quality was similar to that of the normal group.
Additionally, ligand binding assay using [3H]-flumazenil revealed that quercetin-3-O-glucuronide
contained in the lotus leaf extract (77.27 g/mg of extract) enhanced sleep by binding to GABAA
receptors. Collectively, these results indicated that the lotus leaf extract, particularly quercetin-3-Oglucuronide,
exhibits sleep quantity- and quality-enhancing activity via the GABAergic pathway.

 

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some papers of interest:

2011 - Acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies of Nelumbo nucifera stamens extract in rats.pdf
2013 - Chemical constituents from Nelumbo nucifera leaves and their anti-obesity effects.pdf
2015 - Anti-Angiogenic Effect of Nelumbo nucifera Leaf Extracts in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells with Antioxidant Potential.pdf
2016 - A Comprehensive Review on Chemical Profiling of Nelumbo Nucifera Potential for Drug Development.pdf
2016 - Applications of Higenamine in parmacology and medicine.pdf
2017 - Anti-epileptic activity of Nelumbo nucifera fruit.pdf
2017 - Flavonoids of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Seed Embryos and Their Antioxidant Potential.pdf
2018 - Effect of Nelumbo nucifera fruit on scopolamine induced memory deficits and motor coordination.pdf
2018 - Flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., a medicinal plant.pdf
2018 - Nelumbo nucifera Seed Extract Promotes Sleep in Drosophila melangolaster.pdf
2019 - Research advances in traditional and modern use of Nelumbo nucifera phytochemicals, health promoting activities and beyond.pdf
2020 - Elucidation the binding mechanism of Nelumbo nucifera-derived isoquinoline alkaloids as Rho kinase 1 inhibitors by molecular docking and dynamic simulation.pdf
2020 - Neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid of Nelumbo nucifera, inhibits glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals through 5ht1a receptors.pdf
2021 - Antioxidant and Inflammatory Effects of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Leaves.pdf
2021 - Discovery of eight alkaloids with D1 and D2 antagonist activity in leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Using FLIPR assays.pdf
2021 - Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide in the Ethanol Extract of Lotus Leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) Enhances Sleep Quantity and Quality in a Rodent Model via a GABAergic Mechanism.pdf
2022 - Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) and Its Bioactive Phytocompounds.pdf

a bioassay of a 100:1x extract of this plant will follow.