Effect of ecstasy pill additives on serotonin

[lenses]

On www.ecstasydata.org a high quality pill testing website it shows some of the common additives in so called "dirty pills".

ALL chemicals I researched have some effect on serotonin (which is suprising) and may contribute to MDMA neurotoxicity or make MDMA more neurotoxic due to combined effects.

Heres a list of some additives I researched that effect serotonin:

Caffeine

Methamphetamine

Procaine

Diphenhydramine (benadryl)

Ketamine

Acetaminophen (tylenol)

Caffeine

"Acute usage of caffeine also increases levels of serotonin, causing positive changes in mood."

"A reduction in serotonin levels when caffeine use is stopped can cause anxiety, irritability, inability to concentrate and diminished motivation to initiate or to complete daily tasks; in extreme cases it may cause mild depression."

from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine

Methamphetamine

From http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15474609&dopt=Abstract
(full article)

The neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine on serotonin, dopamine, and GABA-ergic terminals: an in-vitro autoradiographic study in rats.

"Therefore, we find that METH was more toxic to 5-HT and dopamine terminals in specific brain regions in both pre and post-synaptic sites following continuous equimolar dosing."

Meth can induce hyperthermia which contributes to neurotoxicity and the combination is known to be worse for the brain then either of the drugs alone.

MDMA ('Ecstasy') and methamphetamine combined: order of administration influences hyperthermic and long-term adverse effects in female rats.

"Interestingly, the MDMA-->METH treatment produced greater hippocampal and cortical 5-HT depletion than the METH-->MDMA treatment suggesting an effect of order."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15993443&dopt=Abstract
(full article)

This shows how MDMA may make the brain more susceptible to damage from other drugs.

Hyperthermia increases metabolism and is connected to neurotoxicity. Increased metabolism of animal test models like rats could make the results incomparable to human test models.

Procaine

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6945327&dopt=Abstract
(full article)

Lidocaine and procaine alter rat brain amines.

"Procaine induced elevations of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; norepinephrine elevation occurred in a few brain parts, whereas serotonin and dopamine levels were elevated in all brain regions."

Diphenhydramine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/diphenhydramine

"In the 1960s it was found that diphenhydramine inhibits reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. This discovery led to a search for viable antidepressants with similar structures and fewer side effects, culminating in the invention of fluoxetine (Prozac), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)."

SSRIs are known to have a protective effect on serotonin induced neurotoxicity but can block or diminish MDMA's effect.

Ketamine

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6460944&dopt=Abstract
(full article)

Ketamine inhibits serotonin uptake in vivo.

"Anesthetic (120 and 160 mg/kg. i.p.) and subanesthetic (80 mg/kg) doses of ketamine HCl were found to prevent completely the depletion of whole brain serotonin (5-HT) by p-chloramphetamine (PCA). Furthermore, ketamine HCl (160 mg/kg) completely blocked the depletion of 5-HT by PCA in every individual brain region studied (Midbrain-thalamus, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus and cortex). Administration of ketamine alone had no effect on brain 5-HT levels."

"These data support the contention that the primary direct effect of ketamine on serotonergic systems is the blockade of 5-HT uptake and that blockade of 5-HT uptake may mediate some of the behavioral effects of ketamine, such as analgesia."

Acetaminophen (yeah )

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15214507&dopt=Abstract

"The results show that acetaminophen alone increases brain serotonin as well as norepinephrine levels with a concomitant inhibition of liver TDO activity."

From:

The effects of a novel and selective inhibitor of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase on tryptophan and serotonin metabolism in the rat

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3613658
(full)

"We previously showed that acetaminophen administration to rats increases forebrain serotonin levels as a result of the inhibition of liver tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO)."

680C91 is a Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitor.

"Administration of 680C91 alone produced marked increases in brain tryptophan, 5-HT and 5-HIAA."

----
All of these chemicals have an effect on serotonin and the mixing of these may increase/cause MDMA related neurotoxicity.

How do you think these chemical's actions effect the comedown and recovery versus pure MDMA?

More research is needed.

 

[drunken_etard]

are u shur caffeine makes it more Neurotoxic?

 

[redeemer]

^ He obviously isn't.

"ALL chemicals [...] may contribute to MDMA neurotoxicity or make MDMA more neurotoxic due to combined effects."

 

[Jamshyd]

Ketamine

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6460944&dopt=Abstract
(full article)

Ketamine inhibits serotonin uptake in vivo.

"Anesthetic (120 and 160 mg/kg. i.p.) and subanesthetic (80 mg/kg) doses of ketamine HCl were found to prevent completely the depletion of whole brain serotonin (5-HT) by p-chloramphetamine (PCA). Furthermore, ketamine HCl (160 mg/kg) completely blocked the depletion of 5-HT by PCA in every individual brain region studied (Midbrain-thalamus, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus and cortex). Administration of ketamine alone had no effect on brain 5-HT levels."

"These data support the contention that the primary direct effect of ketamine on serotonergic systems is the blockade of 5-HT uptake and that blockade of 5-HT uptake may mediate some of the behavioral effects of ketamine, such as analgesia."

Yet more evidence that Ketamine is actually good for your health . In the rare chance that I take Ecstasy, I always take Ketamine with it, with beneficial results.

 

[qwe]

are u shur caffeine makes it more Neurotoxic?

considering that caffeine is a stimulant, it increases body temperature, which of itself increases the neurotoxicity of MDMA

 

[Ness]

Really, what's the point of this? If you're taking clean pills, none of this particularly matters and if you're taking dirty pills, chances are you don't know what's in them. Interesting nonetheless, however.

 

[Helios.]

Not of clinical significance unless the additive is PMA.

 

[Oddeye]

Yet more evidence that Ketamine is actually good for your health . In the rare chance that I take Ecstasy, I always take Ketamine with it, with beneficial results.

Ketamine, good? Doesn't it cause brain damage?

 

[Helios.]

Yes, it causes its own, more severe type of brain damage.

 

[Jamshyd]

^ Please do provide sources???

And Olney's Leisons doesn't count.

 

[fastandbulbous]

No, Olneys lesions have only been found in rats - they don't appear to form in primates given ketamine. That's not to say ketamine is harmless as prolonged administration can cause psychological problems, but not organic brain damage. It also fucks around with your hippocampus, which means memory can become a bit faulty as that's the part of the brain which is the 'gatekeeper' of your memories; the imparment resolves if you stop taking the stuff, so not brain damage - more like the perm. stoner state