Argemone mexicana - ingredients and uses.

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this one is also better known:

Argemone mexicana - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

is said to have an aphrodisiac, relaxing, euphoric and slightly analgesic effect.

alkaloids on wiki:

Sanguinarine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Dihydrosanguinarine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Jatrorrhizine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Columbamine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Coptisine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Cryptopine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Allocryptopine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Chelerythrine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Berberine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Protopine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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rätsch:

preparation and dosage
The dried herb can be smoked neat or in smoking blends. The juice drawn from the fruit is dried
and smoked. Nothing is known about the dosage (GOTTLIEB 1973: 9*).
The dried flowers are grown in Urubamba (Peru).
smoked by gringos as a marijuana substitute (FRANQUEMONT et al. 1990: 89' ). The corresponding dosages still have to be
be explored in more detail.

 

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Medical application
The medicinal use of prickly poppy juice for eye diseases is widespread, e.g. among the Mixe and the Maya (LIPP
1991: 187*, Reds 1976: 94*). The northern Mexican Seri Indians cook a from the leaves wrapped in linen cloth
Tea that is drunk for kidney pain. This tea is also said to clean the "bad" blood that accumulates during childbirth
drive out (FELGER and MOSER 1974: 4270.
The use of the leaves in kidney ailments is also common among the North Mexicans
known to the Pimain Indians (PENNINGTON 1973: 221 * ). If there is difficulty in urinating, a decoction is drunk
(ELDRIDGE 1975: 316*). The Yucatecan Maya use the plant for gallbladder diseases (PULIDO S. and SERRALTA P. 1993:
47*).
In Peru, prickly poppy patches are used against muscle pain (CHAVEZ V 1977: 192*). The inhabitants of the Caribbean islands
take the milky sap to remove warts and a decoction for sleep disorders and insomnia. A tea from the
Leaves are drunk for asthma (SEAWORTH 1991: 128*).
In Ladakh, an aqueous extract of the ground leaves is used externally to treat eye diseases and eczema
used (NAvCHOO and BUTH 1989: 141*). In Uttar Pradesh (India) the latex, oil and cumin powder (Cumin
cyminum L.) a paste for the treatment of skin diseases, eczema and meat worms (SIDDIQUI et al.
1989:
484*). In Nigeria and Senegal, the prickly poppy is valued for its calming effect. The use of the leaves as
Sedative was even known in Europe (SCHNEIDER 1974 I: 123*, WATT 1967).
In Hawaii, the yellowish milky sap of Argemone glaiica was used to treat toothache, neuralgia, and
ulcers (KRAUSS 1981: 44*).

 

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ingredients
The occurrence of morphine in prickly poppies has been repeatedly reported; however, the statement is highly disputed (BLOHM
1962: 25*). Nevertheless, the whole plant is rich in alkaloids, in roots and stems in a concentration of 0.125%
(ROTH et al. 1994: 1420. In the leaves,
Stems and seeds are the alkaloids berberine and protopine (fumarin, maleyine)
included (OLIVER-BEVEN 1982: 30). The root also contains coptesin, up to 0.099% a-allocryptopine (= a-fagarin),
chelerythrine and dihydrochelerythrine. The quite toxic sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine are also present in the seeds
(Bose et al. 1963).
Argemonin was isolated in the leaves and capsules and identified as N-methylpavin (MARTELL et al.
1963). The whole plant contains the isoquinoline alkaloids (-)-canadanine, queilantifolin, queleritrin, allocryptatopin, (-)-
Tetrahydropalmatin, reticulin, sanguinarine, esculerin, meta-hydroxy-(-)-estilopine (LARA OCHOA and MARQUEz ALONSO
1996: 37*).

 

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Effect
Little is known about the psychoactive effects: "The seeds have a cannabis-like effect, and the herb that
The sap and the flowers are considered narcotics in many countries” (OLIVER-BEYER 1982: 30). From Mexico they are increasing
News about aphrodisiac and euphoric effects of smoking the dried herb. The thickened juice has
already causes strong narcotic effects and delirium.

 

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2016 - Berberine and Its Role in Chronic Disease

Abstract Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group
of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis [e.g. Berberis
aquifolium (Oregon grape), Berberis vulgaris (barberry), Berberis aristata (tree
turmeric)], Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), Xanthorhiza simplicissima (yellowroot),
Phellodendron amurense[2] (Amur corktree), Coptis chinensis (Chinese
goldthread), Tinospora cordifolia, Argemone mexicana (prickly poppy) and
Eschscholzia californica (Californian poppy). In vitro it exerts significant
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In animal models berberine has neuroprotective
and cardiovascular protective effects. In humans, its lipid-lowering and
insulin-resistance improving actions have clearly been demonstrated in numerous
randomized clinical trials. Moreover, preliminary clinical evidence suggest the
ability of berberine to reduce endothelial inflammation improving vascular health,
even in patients already affected by cardiovascular diseases. Altogether the available
evidences suggest a possible application of berberine use in the management of
chronic cardiometabolic disorders.

 

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2010 - Alkaloids and flavonoids of Argemone mexicana

A new protopine alkaloid, protomexicine and a new isoflavonoid, mexitin,
together with 8-methoxydihydrosanguinarine, 13-oxoprotopine, rutin and
quercetrin have been isolated from the aerial part of the methanolic extract
of Argemone mexicana. The structures of these compounds have been
established by various spectral data. The structure of protomexicine was
further confirmed by heteronuclear multiple bond correlation experiment.
Protomexicine and mexitin are new compounds, and other compounds are
first reported from A. mexicana and genus Argemone.

 

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2010 - A new benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from Natural Product Letters

A new benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, argemexirine, together with two known
protoberberine alkaloids, dl-tetrahydrocoptisine and dihydrocoptisine, have been
isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plant of Argemone mexicana L.
The compounds were identified by spectral and chemical evidence. This is the first
report of these alkaloids in this plant species.

 

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2006 - The Effect of Isoquinoline Alkaloids on Opiate Withdrawal

Abstract: Our interest has been centered on isoquinoline alkaloids obtained from Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae),
Aristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae) and the opium alkaloid, papaverine. In this respect, the effect of these
isoquinoline alkaloids was investigated on contractions induced by naloxone of isolated guinea pig ileum acutely exposed
to morphine in vitro. The activity of these alkaloids was compared to the control compound, papaverine. Furthermore, the
effect of these isoquinoline alkaloids was also determined on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in isolated guinea pig
ileum exposed to DAMGO (highly selective mu opioid receptor agonist) and U50-488H (highly selective kappa opioid
receptor agonist) to test whether the possible interaction of isoquinoline alkaloids on opioid withdrawal involves muand/
or kappa-opioid receptors. Isoquinoline alkaloids from A. mexicana (from 5x10-6 to 1x10-4 M), from A. constricta
(1x10-5-5x10-5-1x10-4 M) as well as papaverine treatment (1x10-7-5x10-6-1x10-6 M) before or after the opioid agonists
were able of both preventing and reversing the naloxone-induced contraction after exposure to mu(morphine and
DAMGO) or kappa (U50-488H) opiate receptor agonists in a concentration-dependent manner. Both acetylcholine
response and electrical stimulation were also reduced by isoquinoline alkaloids and papaverine treatment as well as the
final opiate withdrawal was still reduced.
The results of the present study indicate that isoquinoline alkaloids as well as papaverine were able to produce significant
influence on the opiate withdrawal in vitro and these compounds were able to exert their effects both at muand kappa
opioid agonists.

 

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2016 - Anxiolytic-like effect of ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana and its alkaloids in Wistar rats

Abstract
Objective: Argemone mexicana is a Papaveracea plant; some reports have shown their antibacterial, anti-cancer, sedative and probably anti-anxiety properties. From their aerial parts, flavonoids and alkaloids have been isolated, which are intrinsically related to some actions on the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiolytic-like effects of the plant, using its ethanolic extract and alkaloid-enriched extract obtained from fresh leaves.
Material and Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out together with evaluation of antioxidant capacity and the enrichment of alkaloids present in the extract. Subsequently, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of ethanolic extract and alkaloid-enriched extract (200 µg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered to female Wistar rats, which were exposed to elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Picrotoxin (1 mg/kg), a non-competitive gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) chloride channel antagonist, was used in experimental procedures to evaluate if this receptor is involved in the anxiolytic-like effects of A. mexicana. To discard motor effects associated with the treatments, the rats were evaluated by the locomotor activity test.
Results: Only the ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg and alkaloid-enriched extract (200 µg/kg) produced anxiolytic-like effects similarly to diazepam 2 mg/kg on EPM test, without affecting locomotor activity. Meanwhile, the administration of picrotoxin blocked anti-anxiety effect of alkaloid-enriched extract of the plant.
Conclusion: These results showed that A. mexicana is a potential anxiolytic agent and we suggest that this effect is mediated by the GABAA receptor. These effects are related to the presence of alkaloids.

 

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2021 - Berberine A nematocidal alkaloid from Argemone mexicana against Strongyloides venezuelensis

A B S T R A C T
Strongyloidiasis is a parasitosis that represents a public health problem, in tropical regions. The present study
aimed to investigate the anthelmintic effects of several extracts of Argemone mexicana, as well as its main
component berberine (Ber) against the third-stage larvae (L3) of Strongyloides venezuelensis in-vitro experiments.
Also, the anti-hemolytic activity of the extract, fractions, and Ber were tested in human erythrocytes. A doseresponse
anthelminthic bioassay demonstrated Ber as the most effective component, followed by methanolic
subfraction (Fr3) and finally the crude extract of A. mexicana (Am) showing LC50 response values of 1.6, 19.5,
and 92.1 µg/mL, at 96 h respectively. Also, Am, Fr3, and Ber did not produce significant hemolysis against
human erythrocytes (p = 0.05). Am and Fr3 showed erythrocyte protection effect capacity at the membrane level
(p = 0.05). Furthermore, Ber was found to have an antioxidant activity of 168.18 µg/mL. According to the results,
the Fr3 of A. mexicana, and particularly Ber, exhibited potent in-vitro effects against L3 of S. venezuelensis,
without hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes and presented good antioxidant capacity. In conclusion,
the extracts of A. mexicana and the main component have activity against S. venezuelensis, nevertheless, further
studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action.

 

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1963 - Chemical and Pharmacological Studies on Argemone mexicana

Chemical and pharmacological studies of Argemone mexicana have been carried
out. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of total alkaloids 0.125 per cent,
consisting of protopine 0.084 per cent and berberine 0.041 per cent, tannin 1.10
per cent, resin 1.75 per cent, and a toxic principle in argemone oil. The main activity
was related to the alkaloids, the protopine fraction stimulating heart, respiration,
skeletal muscles, and blood pressure. The total alkaloidal fraction stimulated
all the smooth muscles and antagonized the actions of acetylcholine, histamine, and
5-hydroxytryptamine. Its oxytocic action resembled that of itocin. Atropine,
adrenergic blocking agents, and antihistaminics did not modify the response on
blood pressure. The carotid occlusion reflex was inhibited, but res onses to acetylcholine
and catecholamines remained unaffected. It antagonize$ barbiturate-induced
depression and potentiated methamphetamine stimulation of spontaneous
motility in mice. It produced a mild neuromuscular block of the diaphragm and
showed antiacetylcholine action on the frog rectus.

 

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1997 - Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Argemone mexicana Reduce Morphine Withdrawal in Guinea Pig Isolated Ileum

Abstract The present study examined the effect of the MeOH extract,
partially purified fraction (IV), and pure compounds from
Argemone mexicana L (Papaveraceae) on the morphine withdrawal
in guinea pig isolated ileum. The MeOH extract, the partially
purified fraction (IV), and the pure compounds isolated from
A. mexicana significantly and in a concentration-dependent manner
reduced the morphine withdrawal. Since the pure compounds
were identified as protopine and allocryptopine, the observed
effects could be related to these compounds. The results
of the present study suggest that isoquinoline alkaloids may be
potential agents in the treatment of drug abuse.

 

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2003 - Cytotoxic Benzophenanthridine and Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Argemone mexicana

Fractionation of the chloroform extract from the aerial part of Argemone mexicana led
to the isolation of two benzophenanthridine-type alkaloids, N-demethyloxysanguinarine and
pancorine; three benzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids, (+)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-
3,4-dimethoxyphenylmethyl)-6,7-methylenedioxyisoquinoline, (+)-higenamine and
(+)-reticuline. Among them, N-demethyloxysanguinarine is a new compound, and (+)-1,2,3,4-
tetrahydro-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenylmethyl)-6,7-methylenedioxy-isoquinoline
was isolated form a natural source for the first time, to which was assigned a trivial
name, (+)-argenaxine. In addition, six known non-alkaloidal compounds were also isolated
and identified. All compounds were characterized on the basis of their spectral data and
chemical evidences. Some isolated alkaloids from this species were evaluated for their cytotoxicity
to human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (HONE-1) and human gastric cancer (NUGC)
cell lines. Chelerythrine was found to exhibit significant activity against NUGC cell line,
while angoline inhibited both types. (+)-Argenaxine showed moderate activity against the
NUGC cell line.

 

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2010 - n-Alkane Profi le of Argemone mexicana Leaves

An n-hexane extract of fresh, mature leaves of Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae), containing
thin-layer epicuticular waxes, has been analysed for the fi rst time by TLC, IR and
GLC using standard hydrocarbons. Seventeen long-chain alkanes (n-C18 to n-C34) were identifi
ed and quantifi ed. Nonacosane (n-C29) was established as the n-alkane with the highest
amount, whilst octadecane (n-C18) was the least abundant component of the extracted wax
fraction. The carbon preference index (CPI) calculated for the hydrocarbon sample with
the chain lengths between C18 and C34 was 1.2469, showing an odd to even carbon number
predominance.

 

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1960 - Structural Studies on Related Argemone Alkaloids.pdf
1963 - Chemical and Pharmacological Studies on Argemone mexicunu.pdf
1997 - Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Argemone mexicana Reduce Morphine Withdrawal in Guinea Pig Isolated Ileum.pdf
2003 - Cytotoxic Benzophenanthridine and Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Argemone mexicana.pdf
2006 - The Effect of Isoquinoline Alkaloids on Opiate Withdrawal.pdf
2010 - A new benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from Natural Product Letters.pdf
2010 - Alkaloids and flavonoids of Argemone mexicana.pdf
2010 - n-Alkane Profi le of Argemone mexicana Leaves.pdf
2016 - Anxiolytic-like effect of ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana and its alkaloids in Wistar rats.pdf
2016 - Berberine and Its Role in Chronic Disease.pdf
2020 - Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers.pdf
2021 - Berberine A nematocidal alkaloid from Argemone mexicana against Strongyloides venezuelensis.pdf

 

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nasal test of the 100x extract revealed almost no effect.