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Areca catechu - its ingredients and uses.

excerpts from rätschs encyclopedia:

drug
Areca nuts (Arecae Semen, formerly: Semen Arecae, Nuces Arecae); also under the names Betel nut, Areca nut, Noix d'arec,
Puwag known.
In Ceylon (Sri Lanka) the seeds of the closely related Areca concinna THWAITEs are occasionally used as a substitute for true
betel nut chewed (RAGHAVAN and BARUAH 1958: 318).
In the Philippines, the seeds of the Beingang-ipot
The species named Areca ipot, which is also closely related, is used as a substitute (STEWART 1994:40); on the Andaman are the
Palm seeds of Areca laxa HAM. a substitute; Areca nagensis is GRIFF in Bengal and Areca glandiformis LAM. such as
Calyptrocalyx spicatus BLUME used on the Moluccas (HARTWICH 1911: 529*). In Assam the seeds of the
jagingriiibe mentioned Gtietiirri niontafmm MARK. [syn. G. scandetis RoxB. (Gnetaceae)] chewed as a substitute for areca nuts
(JAIN and DAM 1979: 54*). In India, the bark of Loranthus falcatits L.
(Loranthaceae) as a narcotic agent
Substitute for areca nut used. The fruits of Pinanga dicksonii BLUME are also used in India as an areca substitute,
those of Pinanga kiihlii FLOWER on the Malay Archipelago (HARTWICH 1911: 5290.311
In many areas of India, the freshly harvested betel nuts are preferred. To keep them fresh
you can have several
Can be kept in a vessel with water for months. When the nuts dry, they become very hard and can only be opened
chew hard. Sometimes, however, dried betel nuts also find their way onto the market. They were 6 to 7 before spreading
Weeks dried in the sun (so-called chali nuts).
In Malaysia, the cracked betel nuts are mixed with benzoin resin
smoked and thus get a pleasant aroma; they come on the market under the name Pinang iikzip (see
incense). In addition, whole, ripe, dried nuts (Pinang kossi), half, dried nuts (Pinatig blah),
smoked nuts (Pinang salai) and semi-ripe,
salted nuts (Pinang asin) brought to market.
Sometimes almost ripe betel nuts are harvested and placed in a brew of betel leaves (Piper betle L.), pieces of bark from
Szyzygitirn jarnbolanitrn DC., Pterocarplis santalimis L., Adenanthera pavonia L. and Finis religiosa L., some slaked lime
and oils cooked.
As a result, they take on a reddish color (from red sandalwood) and a beautiful shine. she
taste more aromatic and stay soft longer (RAGHAVAN and BARUAH 1958: 332f.).
Occasionally, the freshly harvested nuts are boiled in lye, dried and exported. The sliced
tender,
Unripe nuts are sold dried under the name kali (MACMILLAN 1991: 4270.
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preparation and dosage
Betel nuts have the greatest ethnopharmacological importance as the main component of the betel morsel.
Areca wine can even be obtained from the fruit by fermentation (RAG HAVAN and BARUAH 1958: 316).
The leaves inoculated with brewer's yeast (Saccharorriyces cerevisiae) are used for alcoholic fermentation.
A bite of betel contains about a quarter or half a nut. Roth et al. (1994: 141) give 4 g as the maximum single dose. 8 to 10
g of the powdered seeds can already have deadly effects.
The main isolated alkaloid arecoline has a strong stimulating effect in a dose of 2 mg. The single dose should be 5 mg
not exceed.
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Medical application
In India, the betel nut is used primarily to drive out tapeworms (RAGHAVAN and BARUAH 1958: 338).
In the past, the betel nut was also a popular anthelmintic in Europe, especially in veterinary medicine (MACMILLAN 1991: 426,
PAHLOW 1993: 4301. In folk medicine, the betel nut is also used for diarrheal diseases.
In the two traditional medical systems of India and neighboring areas, Ayurveda and Unani, the betel nut is used
versatile used. It is used for digestive disorders and nervous disorders; but a decoction of it is also made
valued as a tonic and aphrodisiac (especially in combination with other substances) (RAGHAVAN and BARUAH
1958:338). Similarly, betel nuts are also used in traditional Chinese medicine and in Cambodia. the
Malayan sorcerers and poisoners use a mixture of betel nut and opium (see Papaver somniferum) to intoxicate their
Poisoning and robbing victims.
In Persia, areca nuts, mixed with sugar and coriander,
given to induce labor (HOOPER 1937: 86*).
ingredients
The seeds contain various alkaloids (0.3-0.6%) of fairly simple chemical structure: 0.1-0.5% arecoline
(major alkaloid) as well as arecaine, arecaidine, arecilidine, guvacolin, isoguvacine and guvacine. In addition, tannins (tannins:
galotanninic acid, gallic acid, D-
catechol, phlobatannin), mucus, resin, carbohydrates (sucrose, galactan, mannan), proteins,
Contain saponins, carotenes, minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron) and fats (sitosteroid) (RAGHAVAN and BARUAH
1958: 335ff.). When betel nuts are chewed together with slaked lime, the alkaloid arecoline becomes arecaidin
transformed.
Recently, four new polyphenolic substances (NPF-861A, NPF86IB, NPF-86IIA, NPF-8611B) have been identified in areca seeds.
discovered that can inhibit a membrane-bound enzyme (5'-nucleotidase) (UCHINo et al. 1988).
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Effect
The main alkaloid arecoline is a parasympathomimetic. It has a stimulating effect, stimulates the flow of saliva and has
anthelmintic (worm-killing) properties; there may also be bradycardia (slowing of heart activity) and tremors
cause. 8 to 10 g of the seeds can be deadly. Death occurs from cardiac
or respiratory paralysis (ROTH et al.
1994: 140*). The polyphenolic substances (NPF-861A, NPF86IB, NPF-86IIA, NPF-8611B) have a tumor-inhibiting and
immune system strengthening effect (UCHINo et al. 1988). Areca nut oil has antifertile properties (ROTH et al. 1994:
1400
An aqueous extract strengthens the body's own immune system (RAGHAVAN and BARUAH 1958: 339). to psychoactivity
the pure areca nut:
“The effect of the common areca nut is only weak, at most it produces a momentary dizziness.
In addition, there are some forms that are highly toxic. The seed of Areca catechu L. var.
nigra on Java (akar pining
hitam) produces somnolence and intoxication and can induce death. Other forms have a noise-generating effect: such as
"toung-noo" denoting from Burma, one denoting "pinang-mabok" from the Moluccas, another from Ceylon."
(HARTWICH 1911: 528f.*)
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2002 - Metabolic effects of the consumption of Areca catechu

Abstract
Betel nut (Areca catechu) is chewed regularly by at least 10% of the world population, imported by immigrant
users wherever they settle, and is the fourth most widely used addictive substance. It is thought, by users, to
soothe the digestion and to be a stimulant and its use has a major role in social situations. Specific arecal
alkaloids act as competitive inhibitors of GABA receptors and have widespread effects in the body, including
actions on the brain, cardiovascular system, lungs, gut and pancreas. Nitrosated derivatives of arecal alkaloids,
proven carcinogens inducing tumours throughout the upper gut and foregut derivatives in animals, are also
associated with increased tumour risks in man. These nitrosated compounds are also diabetogenic in CD1 mice,
producing a type 2 diabetes with obesity. Increased central obesity is found in association with betel usage in man
as well as increases in circulating markers of inflammatory and cardiovascular damage. The effects of chronic
betel usage in man are at least as diverse as those of smoking and the habit increases the risks of ill health.
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2019 - Two new alkaloids isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Binglang the fruit of Areca catechu

Binglang, the fruit of Areca catechu L, has a long history as an important Chinese herbal medicine. Two new
alkaloids (1 and 2), along with forty-one known compounds (3–43) were isolated from the dried fruit of Areca
catechu L. The structures were elucidated on basis of the IR, UV, MS and 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopic data.
Compounds 26 and 33 showed weak cytotoxicity against human gastric cancer cell line (BGC-823) with IC50 of
15.91 µM and 20.13 µM, respectively.
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2019 - Two New Flavonoids from the Nuts of Areca catechu

Abstract: Two new flavonoids, calquiquelignan M (1), calquiquelignan N (2), along with nine known
compounds (3–11), were isolated from the nuts of Areca catechu (Palmae). The new structures,
including absolute configurations, were established by a combination of spectroscopic data and
electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. The known compounds were identified by comparing
their spectroscopic data with reported in the literature. The flavonoids compounds (1–8) were
evaluated for their cytotoxicity activities against three human cancer cell lines. Compounds 1 and
2 exhibited a moderate cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell lines with IC50 values of 49.8 and
53.6 M, respectively.
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2021 - Identifying new compounds with potential pharmaceutical and physiological activity in Areca catechu and Areca triandra via a non-targeted metabolomic approach





Introduction: The fruits of Areca catechu, also called areca nuts, are widely used as
popular masticatory and traditional herbal medicine in Asia. Besides arecoline and
related alkaloids, limited information is available about further primary and secondary
metabolites and their potential biological activities.
Objective: Here we aimed to further enhance our knowledge on phytochemical profiles
of A. catechu and Areca triandra fruits. We intended to comprehensively identify
metabolites in A. catechu and A. triandra fruits.
Methodology: Metabolites were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography
triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The occurrence
of 12 selected bioactive compounds in 4 different developmental stages of
A. catechu and A. triandra was quantified by LC–MS/MS.
Results: A total of 791 metabolites was identified. Of these, 115 metabolites could
successfully be mapped to 44 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes metabolic
pathways, and 154 metabolites occurred at significantly different levels in A. catechu
compared to A. triandra. Several components with known biological activities were
identified for the first time in A. catechu and A. triandra. The abundance of many of
these new components was similar in A. catechu and A. triandra, but significantly different
between the pericarp and the seeds of A. catechu fruits.
Conclusions: Metabolic profiles indicate that fruits of the Areca species compared
here have similar primary and secondary metabolites. Our findings provide new
insights into A. catechu and A. triandra as valuable sources for traditional medicine
and they pave the way for further studies to potentially improve the underlying pharmaceutical
and physiological effects.
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2013 - Potential antidepressant activity of Areca catechu nut via elevation of serotonin and noradrenaline in the hippocampus of rats

In conclusion, the A. catechu nut extract demonstrated
an antidepressant-like action in both acute and chronic
forced swim tests. Among the various fractions tested,
only the aqueous fraction displayed antidepressant
activity, indicating that the active constituent(s), most
likely saponins, were extracted in this fraction. The areca
nut extract exhibited toxic effects, whereas the aqueous
fraction was devoid of toxicity indicating the presence
of separate principles for antidepressant and toxic
effects. The nut extract and aqueous fraction elicited
antidepressant activity that can be attributed to atypical
enhancement of serotonin and noradrenaline levels in
the hippocampus of rats.
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and the papers of relevance:

1998 - Betel Consumption and consequences.pdf
2002 - Metabolic effects of the consumption of Areca catechu.pdf
2013 - Potential antidepressant activity of Areca catechu nut via elevation of serotonin and noradrenaline in the hippocampus of rats.pdf
2015 - Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae) A review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry,pharmacology and toxicology.pdf
2017 - Title Intoxication and substance use disorder to Areca catechu nut containing betel quid.pdf
2019 - Betel Quid, Health, and Addiction.pdf
2019 - Chemistry, metabolism and pharmacology of carcinogenic alkaloids present in areca nut and factors affecting their concentration.pdf
2019 - Investigating Betel Nut Use, Antecedents and Consequences A Review of Literature.pdf
2019 - Two new alkaloids isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Binglang the fruit of Areca catechu.pdf
2019 - Two New Flavonoids from the Nuts of Areca catechu.pdf
2021 - Identifying new compounds with potential pharmaceutical and physiological activity in Areca catechu and Areca triandra via a non-targeted metabolomic approach.pdf
 
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