It all depends of how you metabolise substances everyone is significantly different in the rate they clear drugs from their body. But codiene is so much weaker than Suboxone and you took a huge dose of Suboxone so in my opinion 30-48, hours should do before your receptors are not blocked.
Yea that definitely makes a difference if you don't take the stuff on a regular basis then your most likely fine to take some codeine. If you don't feel anything don't keep raising the dose to try to get higher because you can still OD with your receptors blocked.