or all the molly i've taken was pure lolNor do i, moderation is the key I reckon.
or all the molly i've taken was pure lol
A large body of pre-clinical data indicates that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') damages brain serotonin (5-HT) axons in animals, including non-human primates. Our clinical studies have sought to determine whether human MDMA users are also susceptible to MDMA-induced 5-HT injury, and, if so, if there are measurable functional consequences. These studies have utilised the two existing validated measures of 5-HT neurotoxicity in living humans, namely, measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-HIAA, the major metabolite of 5-HT and, more recently, positron emission tomography (PET) studies with a redioligand element of serotonin axon terminal. Both of these markers are decreased in MDMA users, as in experimental animals with known 5-HT injury.
MDMA users, when compared to control subjects who have never used MDMA (but who may have used other recreational drugs) also have alterations in behavioural functions thought to be modulated by 5-HT. These include the neuro-endocrine and behavioural responses to drugs that act at serotonin receptors, cognitive function, impulsivity, and sleep architecture. Taken together, these studies indicate that some MDMA users develop 5-HT neurotoxic injury, and that MDMA-induced 5-HT damage may lead to long-lasting behavioural changes.
or all the molly i've taken was pure lol
or all the molly i've taken was pure lol
or all the molly i've taken was pure lol
Antioxidants that deactivate MDMA-generated toxic oxygen species
MDMA is a catecholamine and by its nature (structure) a pro-oxidant. Even a low dose of 120mg MDMA will increase free radical production and oxidative stress. Our research has shown that even a low dose of MDMA produces a sharp rise in free radicals, as measured by a urinary MDA-TBARS test. Therefore, anyone that is considering using MDMA must bolster the body’s endogenous antioxidant shield and to increase circulating antioxidants. MDMA-induced neurotoxicity involves a wide range of free radicals; including superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. Therefore it is essential to supply brain penetrating antioxidants (and their cofactors) that neutralize each type of radical. (124-126)
The theory of MDMA neuroprotection is simple. Neurotoxicity is directly related to increased oxidative stress. Therefore if oxidative stress can be blocked, so can the neurotoxicity.
Up and down regulation of serotonin
MDMA causes post-synaptic serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the brain to up-regulate or down-regulate according to the dose. Up and down-regulation are normal adaptive responses to increased transmission through the serotonin receptors, as a result of MDMA-stimulated serotonin release.
§ Small doses of MDMA (equivalent to a human dose of <1mg/kg) cause up-regulation. This appears to stimulate the development of new serotonin neurons.
§ Higher doses of MDMA (equivalent to a human dosage of 2 mg/kg) may cause down-regulation. The down-regulated receptors decrease both the binding of serotonin and the psychotropic effects of MDMA. Down-regulation protects receptors from damage by overstimulation and maintains homeostatic balance in the brain through feedback control of serotonin transmissions and receptor sensitivity in the neural network. (42-46) Down regulation, rather than neurotoxicity may account for the "loss of the magic" after repeated exposure to MDMA.
i also do not get any post roll depression. nor have i ever and i have been rolling for a long time (and far more often than what is recommended..) not that i would condone using MDMA more because i understand that i am an exception to the norm..
i have lately been wondering why the same advice about not overdoing it that is now considered standard for MDMA use is not also given for drugs that are dopamine releasers (e.g. adderall)... in other words, adderall functions on the dopamine system in the same way that MDMA does on the serotonin system; it causes the uptake pathway to reverse and release stored dopamine... following the logic we should be seeing massive numbers of adderall users with similar downregulation and damage to their dopamine systems. and yet when they stop using adderall studies show that the vast majority of people have normal dopamine function within even a few weeks... i really wish we had some better studies done with MDMA to show what dosages/usage patterns really cause damage...
Up and down regulation of serotonin
MDMA causes post-synaptic serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the brain to up-regulate or down-regulate according to the dose. Up and down-regulation are normal adaptive responses to increased transmission through the serotonin receptors, as a result of MDMA-stimulated serotonin release.
§ Small doses of MDMA (equivalent to a human dose of <1mg/kg) cause up-regulation. This appears to stimulate the development of new serotonin neurons.
§ Higher doses of MDMA (equivalent to a human dosage of 2 mg/kg) may cause down-regulation. The down-regulated receptors decrease both the binding of serotonin and the psychotropic effects of MDMA. Down-regulation protects receptors from damage by overstimulation and maintains homeostatic balance in the brain through feedback control of serotonin transmissions and receptor sensitivity in the neural network. (42-46) Down regulation, rather than neurotoxicity may account for the "loss of the magic" after repeated exposure to MDMA.
i also do not get any post roll depression. nor have i ever and i have been rolling for a long time (and far more often than what is recommended..) not that i would condone using MDMA more because i understand that i am an exception to the norm..
i have lately been wondering why the same advice about not overdoing it that is now considered standard for MDMA use is not also given for drugs that are dopamine releasers (e.g. adderall)... in other words, adderall functions on the dopamine system in the same way that MDMA does on the serotonin system; it causes the uptake pathway to reverse and release stored dopamine... following the logic we should be seeing massive numbers of adderall users with similar downregulation and damage to their dopamine systems. and yet when they stop using adderall studies show that the vast majority of people have normal dopamine function within even a few weeks... i really wish we had some better studies done with MDMA to show what dosages/usage patterns really cause damage...
Up and down regulation of serotonin
MDMA causes post-synaptic serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the brain to up-regulate or down-regulate according to the dose. Up and down-regulation are normal adaptive responses to increased transmission through the serotonin receptors, as a result of MDMA-stimulated serotonin release.
§ Small doses of MDMA (equivalent to a human dose of <1mg/kg) cause up-regulation. This appears to stimulate the development of new serotonin neurons.
§ Higher doses of MDMA (equivalent to a human dosage of 2 mg/kg) may cause down-regulation. The down-regulated receptors decrease both the binding of serotonin and the psychotropic effects of MDMA. Down-regulation protects receptors from damage by overstimulation and maintains homeostatic balance in the brain through feedback control of serotonin transmissions and receptor sensitivity in the neural network. (42-46) Down regulation, rather than neurotoxicity may account for the "loss of the magic" after repeated exposure to MDMA.
because the amount of damage one dose of MDMA does to your SERT system is barely comparable to the damage done to dopamine receptors by a dose of adderall.