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Z Hypnotic Hallucinations (GABAergic Hallucinogens)

Thorns Have Roses

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Apology: I am on methamphetamine, excuse my obscene wordiness.

Prelude (skip if you'd like): Alright, I mostly just read this subforum, since my only "advanced" knowledge would be the pop-pharmacology (as Jamshyd once put it) that is in vogue on internet drug forums such as this one. Now, even if I don't know much, I'm bothered by the all BDD level and drug-speculation/vendor fuel threads that clutter this forum, and contributed to some of ADD's best talents migrating from the site. So, I've been thinking about creating a couple of threads that should be within the scope of this forum, and hopefully allow y'all to have some fun, intellectual discussion. I'd also appreciate it if you'd be willing to explain clearly to those of us without significant backgrounds in chemistry/pharmacology the principles involved (I'm interested in this stuff to an extent, but am not interested enough to actually read through textbooks and build up my knowledge to gain your level of understanding, and yes I have tried). Please be patient with my ignorance and correct any glaring errors in logic or misused words (a little knowledge is a very dangerous thing, extrapolating without proper understanding leads to dumb ideas I know, but I mean well).

Actual content of my post: Alright, so there's this previous thread on the topic from 2008, but I was thinking maybe there might be more info known now than then. http://www.bluelight.ru/vb/archive/index.php/t-390088.html

It is well known that zolpidem, zopiclone, and zaleplon can cause rather interesting side effects like hallucinations, and I'm hoping you can either tell me or speculate at me the pharmacalogical basis of these hallucinations. I have gained an interest based off of a recent experience with zaleplon, I was expecting a mediocre hypnotic, and ended up experiencing the most intense and vivid hallucinations of my life. It was amazing.

Recounting of experience, if you want to read it:
NSFW:
I consumed 40mg zaleplon the other night, I had had a stressful day involving gang members, cops, and heated familial confrontation, so I decided to take some sonata samples I found around to fall asleep quickly. I chewed up the capsules and swished the material around in my mouth with water until I began to feel effects, I decided to go with sublingual administration due to the fact the drug only has 30% oral BA, though given the fact that it's insoluble in water, I don't know how effective this method was. (note: the inner paper described the only adult overdose known to have inolved 100mg zaleplon and 1.25mg triazolam, so I figured I was well within the safety margin).

Anyway, I had my eyes closed and something like a movie was playing on the back of my eyelids, dreaming while awake if you will, this was rather interesting. But within a few minutes I started to feel my bed floating, and had the sensations that something like snakes were slithering under my sheets. Now, I knew hallucinations were a side effect, so I was merely excited by this, rather than frightened, and I started looking around my room (which was dark). My pieces of furniture looked not at all like furniture, but living things that were interacting with one another, producing some amount of audible sound, (the appearance was a mix of Dr. Seuss and the Mos Eisley cantina, with some Lovecraft and old school fantasy thrown in). Rinkles in my sheet appeared to be moving lizards, the darker floral parts of my pillow case windows, and my depth perception was quite off. And not only were existing objects distorted, but non-existant things manifested quite clearly, there were cobwebs in the air that I could wrap around my finger, and blow off into the wind, and several beings (something with a trenchcoat and beak, and a faerie, among others) appeared where there were no objects to distort. I was not delirious however, I was lucid and aware of the fact that I was hallucinating the entire time.

This is quite remarkable to me, a truly hallucinogenic drug (unlike 5ht and nmda mediated "hallucinations" which are more just caused by over and underactivity in the whatever parts of the mind create objects on visual data, IME. Well, high dose 4-meo-pcp and DXM binges seemed to transorm objects quite effectively. I remember one time my desk appeared to be a torii in the sea, and once my computer held up by a forklift, but my mind was too barely functional to truly appreciate it, but this was quite vivid. Though I think this is merely an extreme example of my mind trying to paint objects on visual data but being too fucked up to do it with any semblance of accuracy) that isn't merely the waking dreams of delirium.



Now, theories I've read about this activity include the mind being half-asleep, but if these were hypnogogic hallucinations, why do I not experience them on other hypnotics, especially benzos, since the z drugs are agonists at the BZD receptors? The speculation was that it was because the z drugs are much mroe highly selective than benzos at these sites. Another theory is it having to do with GABA-C agonism, which is something I am entirely unfamiliar with.

[Just did some reading] Remembered the exitistence, and oddness of muscimol, and looked that up, and according to wiki this has to do with GABA-A and GABA-C receptor agonism, and that it is qualitatively similar to z hypnotic hallucinations.

So, explanations, speculations, known examples of the class, and everything related to GABA mediated hallucinations should be discussed here, I'd really appreciate it. Do we know enough how/what type of chemical structure produces these effects, or how tweaking it can change them, like you guys seem to do with more conventional drugs? What potential health issues may come with these drugs? Does anyone here have any experience with GABAergic hallucinations? (Crazy thought: Might other receptor complexes of GABA also have such properties? Like say any barbiturates? Or any GABA-B agonists? If BZD receptor Z hypnotics, and plain old GABA receptor targeting musicmol can do it, it seems possible others might as well. Perhaps some would produce a more reliably enjoyable, or less amnesiac experience.)


This seems to me to be an foolishly ignored class of drugs, and perhaps an actual example of society-at-large's idea of hallucinogens, which they innacurately throw at the seritogenic psychedelics. I know I for one have always wanted to be able experience such a thing.


My contribution: from the pharmacological fact sheet that came with the sonata samples (Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse effects in the long term (28 and 35 nights) placebo controlled clinical trials of sonata*), out of 297 people taking 20mg zaleplon, only 1% reported hallucinations as a side effect, and less than 1% reported them at doses of 5mg, and 10mg. So it seems that potentially anyone can experience them, if the dosage is high enough, though I worry that the amnesiac effects of the drug may leave one in delirium at higher doses, if this is the case, perhaps only individuals susceptible to hallucinations at lower doses will be able to really use these recreationally, but hopefully not. Perhaps a written reminder that one is hallucinating could help if so?

Edit: read some anecdotal reports, and a number of people seem to experience significant amnesiac effects from the z hypnotics, enough that they might be considered deliriant in these persons. I'd have to do some more reading about dosages though. In my one experience with A. Muscaria, come to think of it (it was a few years ago and not under the best circumstances), I didn't get any hallucinations but had significant impairment of short term memory. So perhaps at best GABAergic hallucinogens can best be described akin to hypnogogic hallucinations, which you may or may not realize as such depending on circumstance or individual chemistry. Hmm, perhaps there is a way to push the experience towards lucidity via set/setting/other drugs?


* edit:edit: Amnesia was reported at 1% in the 5mg group (344 people), 2% at 10mg (569 people), and 4% at 20mg. Confusion was reported with the same instance as hallucinations (haha, perhaps this related). Anyhow, it seems that it's easier to get amnesia than hallucinations (though I guess those humorous ambien walrus pictures would have told me that, I prefer legit studies...), which may leave these drugs about as deliriant as anticholinergics for many, and thus unsafe for use (maybe these will be less toxic though, and a better option for those individuals who feel they absolutely must experience delirium).

Maybe I should have done all my research before posting this, so I don't ask questions then answer them, I'll do that before my next topic, if this one does well. ;)
 
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I tried many varying to extremely high doses of ambien and sonata and neither made me tired, feel high or hallucinate, I did blackout but not until i was awoken early the next morning for an hour before going back to sleep, never remembered or was even aware that hour took place until friends commented on how "fucked up i looked"(i usually look pretty toasted in the morn anyway)
 
Hmm, perhaps you did and did not remember? Given sonata (zaleplon) has a half-life of one hour, and the interesting effects last about the same amount of time, I assume this was from zolpidem? When on amnesiac drugs I usually leave myself a note reminding me to write down anything interesting so that I'll know it happened. Of course, as that study indicated, it does seem that hallucinations were a rare side-effect, so it might be more unusual if you did experience them.

May I ask what dosages you used these drugs at? Do you have a benzodiazepine tolerance? Z drugs are cross tolerant with them, and a couple of individuals reported that even with low-moderate benzo tolerance, they were unable to experience hallucinations, even though they were able to before developing tolerance to these drugs.


Also, I was able to find one post where a person who experiences hallucinations on the Z drugs reported experiencing them on all of them. I've only tried zaleplon (and once at that), and given it's relative mildness (it doesn't even mess with sleep architecture!) and fast onset, perhaps it's easier to get effects before slipping into amnesia*?

*
NSFW:
Anecdotal evidence
mistajeff said:
I've tried both. They were both prescribed to me in the US. I used to pop the sonata capsules open and snort the powder in them. I've hallucinated on both and I'd have to say they were stronger on sonata. I would have dozens of voices talking in my head after snorting just 1 or 2. The sonata however does not last as long, about 30 minutes if snorted. Ambien's hallucinogenic effects would last on me for about 2 hours. I would however take the ambien orally.

Edit: been UTFSE and found a couple of relavent posts
NSFW:

murphyclox said:
...some evidence for possible GABA/5HT-receptor interaction:

"The influence of serotonin depletion on rat behavior in the Vogel test and brain 3H-zolpidem binding."
M .Nazar et al.
Journal of Neural Transmission 1999, 106(5-6), pp.355-368

Abstract

The influence of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT)-induced serotonin depletion on rat behavior as well as on zolpidem's the behavioral effects and binding to some brain areas of zolpidem, was examd. with the help of Vogel's punished drinking test and autoradiog., resp. Moreover, changes in the serotonin levels and turnover rate were studied in the forebrain and brainstem of rats pretreated with various ligands at the benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors (midazolam, bretazenil, abecarnil, zolpidem). These drugs were given at doses shown previously to significantly disinhibit animal behavior suppressed by punishment in the Vogel test. Serotonin decrease in the frontal cortex and hippocampus after p-CPA significantly and inversely correlated with rat behavior controlled by fear in the VT. P-CPA produced an anticonflict activity in the absence of effect on spontaneous drinking, pain threshold and motility of animals. All applied benzodiazepine receptor ligands decreased the 5-HT turnover rate in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, whereas in the brainstem only abecarnil and zolpidem diminished 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels. This part of the study replicated earlier data with neurotoxins and indicated that the anxiolytic-like effect of 5-HT depletion in some models of anxiety did not depend on changes in animal appetitive behavior or stimulus control. Moreover, the fact that all nonselective and selective (zolpidem) agonists of the type 1 benzodiazepine receptors seemed to produce the same anticonflict effect and decreasing 5-HT turnover indicates that this subtype of benzodiazepine receptor may be important for the interaction between brain 5-HT and GABA/BDZ systems. Accordingly, serotonin decrease enhanced the anticonflict effect of zolpidem in the Vogel test and increased 3H-zolpidem binding to the occipital cortex and substantia nigra.
Altogether, the present study provides more arguments for the role of changes in the activity of brain 5-HT innervation in the control of emotional processes. Moreover, it points to the BDZ1 receptor subtype as a possible target of interaction between brain 5-HT and GABAA/BDZ systems.

Now this was used to suggest that GABAergic hallucinations were indirectly 5ht mediated. Though I'm reluctant to assign them a common mechanism of action to psychedelic visuals, because they are absolutely nothing alike. It may however, be a part of the key to the mystery. Also, if someone can word the above in a less jargon-y way, I'd appreciate it, I kind of get the gist, but feel I don't understand it well.


Another drug of this class, the canceled sleep aid Gaboxadol, substantial similarity to muscimol. http://www.bluelight.ru/vb/showthread.php?t=370965


There are a hell of a lot more than "some similarities" in between this molecule and muscimol.

gaboxadolcompared2muscifa2.jpg


These two molecules are extremely similar- the methylamine chain is locked into place, there's one less double bond in the pentagonal ring (in these depressants you find that pentagonal rings can be drastically altered and still retain very similar activity), and one less atom and a double bond from hydroxy to keto.

You really can't get much more similar without them being identical.



p.s. Jamshyd, in one old thread you asked whether or not zolpidem might have NMDA antagonist activity due to having a "dissociative signature". Might you have thought this due to the z-hypnotic side effect of hypesthesia (which needn't necessarily be caused by NMDA effects, well aside from any that are indirectly caused by messing with GABA)? At 20mg with zaleplon, it was reported by 2% of persons in the trial, and less than 1% on lower doses, so it seems to increase more with dose than hallucinations (I realize this is just one small study, and such small differences could be accounted for within the margin of error or whatever). Parosmia is another side effect, having equal incidence as hypesthesia (and I recall you talking about ketamine and PCP having a special smell to them). I could look up occurence in zolpidem, but since I have the results of that study on hand, I'm just extrapolating that they would be similar to those of zaleplon. Does this sound like a reasonable explanation as to why you thought that?

PPS - I just realized that I may be developing a silly pet cause in these drugs, like staysedated's obsession with altering the metabolization of nutmeg, that no one is really interested in. Hopefully this will garner some interest~
 
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More research!
I've dredged up some info on GABAC (aka GABAA-rho) receptors, since they seem to be the most suspicious receptor involved in this. Most of the following information is too technical for me to really grasp anything useful from it, and it may not even be useful, but posting informational abstracts and stuff is within the scope of this forum so here you go.


Here's an overview of the GABAC receptors, looks pretty convenient, and since it's not the most well known receptor.. To me, what seemed relevant was this receptor's prevalence in the retina, and its relation to vision*. http://webvision.umh.es/webvision/GABA-C.htm

*GABAC receptor-mediated inhibition in the retinahttp://www.ionchannels.org/showabstract.php?pmid=15535996

As to my response to that post Jamshyd has probably long forgotten, I found this
there is evidence that the efficacy of GABAC receptors is modulated by glutamate through metabotropic glutamate receptors. We tested this hypothesis by applying agonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR)1/5 to rod bipolar cells. The specific agonist (+/-)-trans-azetidine-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid and the potent mGluR agonist quisqualic acid reduced the amplitude of the GABAC responses by 10-30%. This suggests a functional role for the modulation of GABAC receptors by the metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1/5.
http://www.ionchannels.org/showabstract.php?pmid=9497419


Here's some more stuff that may or may not be relavent:

http://www.ionchannels.org/showabstract.php?pmid=10195213

http://jn.physiology.org/content/82/4/2020.full.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14535961
 
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Doesn't seem like a concern for occasional use.
I'd be much more concerned about BPA in my plastic and triclosan in my soap.
 
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