-VST's-(Virtual Studio Technology)-A relatively universal interface for virtual/software synths and effects plug-ins. There are a heap of free ones that are decent to start with. My favorite right now is Superwave8. It's available along with many others here:
http://www.kvraudio.com/get/708.html
-DXi-(DirectX Instrument)-Interface similar to VST and also freely available. These and VST's are normally pretty compatible with most host programs like Ableton, Cubase, Reason, FL, and even Cakewalk.
-MIDI-(Musical Instrument Digital Interface)-A universally accepted interface for instrument sounds defined by data, not audio. Normally used for sounds and sequencing. MIDI sounds can be controlled a variety of ways from keyboards, to pointing and clicking with a mouse, to playing a guitar or activating a drum trigger.
-Piano Roll-A view made of a grid with parts fo the measure along teh x-axis and notes by octave along the y-axis. Parts are composed by choosing a note value (whole, half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth, etc...) and placing it on the grid. I think it's probably the best way to compose until you get your keyboard hooked up through an audio interface.
-Audio Interface/Sound Card-Handles the computer's audio input/output. A new sound card is not required to make music but is a good first piece of gear to buy if even remotely serious. It bridges the gap between the computer and
instruments/mics/effects/hardware/speakers/mixers...anything outboard or hardware based.
-Firewire-A way to connect the audio interface to the computer/host. The advantage is faster data transfer than USB and increased portability for laptops/external audio interfaces over PCI/internal bus interfaces.
-PCI/PCMI/PCIE-Ways to connect the audio interface to a computer internally. Really good for stationary desktop/studio workstations b/c of fast data transfer but not recommended for laptops because of work involved in installation directly to mother board + many laptops are without expansion slots.
Sound Synthesis-Sounds are waves. Wavelengths are measured in frequency and dictate pitch to the human ear. High frequency = high pitch/low frequency = low pitch. Sound can be shaped and manipulated by modifying a wave and its elements.
-Sine-lush,warm sound; looks and sounds round to my ear
-Saw-buzzy, abrasive sound to my ear; at low levels causes rushes and pleasure during builds. At sudden, high-levels, when stripped of low-end, causes me physical pain.
-Square-A good middleground between sine and saw waves.
-LFO-(Low Frequency Oscillation)-Oscillates (creates strobing sound) specific low frequency range based on depth and rate(frequency) parameters
Attack, decay, sustain, release are all discussed here:
http://homerecording.beaglesound.com/yep2.htm in greater clarity than I could muster.
-Envelope-Used to control automation/effects/volume/etc...across a track.
-Automation-Recorded changes to a track or track's parameters. An envelope is an example of automation.
-Gain-A signal's input level. It differs from volume b/c volume is the level of output. Sometimes people are confused because volume increases as gain increases but they are separate.
General Advice
There is a ton of advice and tutorials all over the web. I'm certainly no pro. Look up terms you don't understand. Get hands-on with some free software. After getting a free download of some type of music production software and playing with it a bit, check out some of Tom Cosm's tutorials here:
http://www.cosm.co.nz/index.php/videos.html?catid=3&lang=en Although you could watch them first, it will help to have a feel for what he is doing with the software in each video. Although he uses Ableton, many of
the techniques can be recreated using less expensive/free software. The tutorials span all ability levels from novice to pro. He makes a variety of EDM also so the tips and teks suit all tastes. My best advice is to remember that
fancy/expensive hardware/software is not required to make music. It simply makes it more convenient. You can make tracks using a bucket and some sticks, your mouth, or a free version of FL w/ some free VST plug-ins run through your current soundcard and sequenced/composed using the
piano roll's keyboard as the MIDI controller.