Loved up ... and washed out
01/08/2006
Use of the drug ecstasy is increasing just as evidence of its toxic effects on the brain are emerging. Joshua Gliddon reports.
Ecstasy, the party drug that’s easily available on the streets for less than $30 a pill, has a relatively benign reputation. Apart from a couple of banner deaths every year – usually due to the user overheating in a club – thousands appear to use the drug every week without any significant ill effects.
But the drug’s reputation is about to take a battering. At last week’s 4th International Conference on Memory, held at the University of NSW, scientists unveiled research showing that E’s short-term downers – feeling a bit blue after a big weekend, along with some anxiety and poor memory, could linger long after the user quits the drug.
"The effect is directly related to the number of pills that the user has taken,” says Professor Andrew Scholey, director of the Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit and the University of Northumbria, in the UK. “It’s known that MDMA, the major part of E, is neuro-toxic and animal studies have shown that it wipes out the serotonin system."
Ecstasy works by massively increasing the amount of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, in the brain. Another paper presented at the conference found that a single dose releases about 80% of the serotonin available in the brain.
"Long term, we don’t know whether the serotogenic system recovers," says Scholey.
The most recent research on ecstasy use in Australia, conducted by the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre in 2005, found that a quarter of all users took ecstasy more than once a week, and that on average they took two pills each session. Around 8% of all Australians aged 14 and over have tried ecstasy, and the country has among the highest use per capita in the world.
Use is increasing, and price is falling. It’s generally cheaper to have a night on the pills than it is to have a night on the turps. Long term, however, no one knows what sort of effect the normalisation of tweaking your neurochemistry on a regular basis will be.
"The other factor is that people who use E tend to use it in combination with other drugs such as cannabis and alcohol," says Scholey.
"And we don’t know to what extent these negative effects are exacerbated by that."