Research conducted over the last five years has clearly demonstrated that administration of
MDMA to both animals and humans has profound immunosuppressive effects; a property that
it shares with other drugs of abuse [1-6]. For the most part the immunosuppressive effects of
MDMA are not due to a direct action of the drug on immune cells, but rather due to the release
of endogenous immunomodulatory substances, and it is suggested that exposure to MDMA
could be regarded as a “chemical stressor” on the immune system.