The people who bring Afghan H into Europe have been doing so since the 1980s and so supply routes are well established. In the 60s to early 80s (when the market was much smaller) real 'number 4' heroin from South East Asia was the de facto standard being about 90% pure (the rest being caffeine added to make it smokable). I understand their is still a small amount of number 4 reaching the UK but the prices are very high - for people who are in the lucky position of not having to worry about price. It's snortable as well.
While brown H is still available for £10/point (which is has been for 30+ years so in real terms the price has gone down dramatically), people will still be able to sell it.
As I noted, the very bottom of the pile are people who are buying £5 'bits' of H and stone (five for £20) because to these people, price is a much more important factor.
As I understand it, before fentanyl, the Mexicans had been producing and importing H to the USA so no change in the supply chain, just a change of product and crucially,
no competition.
Eastern Europe has seen fentanyl derivatives turning up for over a decade but for most of Europe it's the nitazenes that are turning up in some places. I'm GUESSING that people are selling it on the darkweb as it's only turning up in small geographic areas.
What is interesting is in the UK at least, people caught selling H cut with nitazenes were given substantially longer prison sentences. It remains to be seen if that will make any difference.
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https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)01198-7.pdf[/URL]
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worrying thing is that the nitazenes appear to be superagonists. That means that substitution therapy will be less effective. People who DO get into nitazenes are getting into something worse than either H or fentanyl.