: about hydrogeneted chimicals ( 4-fa 2-fa ect.. ) Disclaimer: Please be sure to read this thread in its entirity rather than just the first post. While this first post was well received it contains a number of assumptions, errors, and statements that contradict the findings of empirical research. These issues are highlighted throughout the discussion, so the whole thread will give a much more balanced overview of this topic than this post alone. The poster's claim to be an experienced pharmacologist and bioinformatician is also bogus.. he works in IT.
Look I'm posting here as an pharmacologist and bioinformatics researcher to WARN you guys that you are putting yourselves at risk by consuming halogenated amphetamines, which are increasingly sold as Research Chemicals (RCs). The main substances in question I refer to are known as 2-FA, 3-FA, and 4-FA -- in particular, I am warning about 4-FA.
Some of you know there is a risk of neurotoxicity with compounds such as 4-FA, and choose do consume these substances anyway with informed consent. That's fine. As long as you know there is a risk of brain damage (with the risk level unknown), and you accept that risk , then go ahead.
I am writing to those young people, without the wisdom of age or a background in pharmacology or chemistry, are are just starting in research chemicals (RCs) who do not understand or are unaware that the risk profile of halogenated amphetamines (2-FA, 3-FA, 4-FA, etc) is MUCH DIFFERENT than older research chemicals with a relatively safe track record (2C-I , etc).
MDMA and 2C-I etc are relatively safe when used in moderation, and CANNOT be compared to compounds such as 4-FA. Yes, MDMA has a risk of neurotoxicity, but when used in moderation (a few times a year) that risk is relatively low. 4-FA has a MUCH MUCH higher risk.
Here is why you are at risk if you consume halogenated amphetamines.
1) Amphetamine is ALREADY neurotoxic due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain [1]. The neurotoxicity is dose-dependent and duration dependent. If you are on a low-dose Adderall prescription for a couple of years, this is certainly safer than someone who is consuming 1g of methamphetamine a day for a couple of years, but in both cases there is a risk.
[1] Prostaglandin H synthase-catalyzed bioactivation of amphetamines to free radical intermediates that cause CNS regional DNA oxidation and nerve terminal degeneration
http://www.fasebj.org/content/20/6/638.short
Racemic Amphetamine (low-to-moderate neurotoxicity)
Racemic Methamphetamine (moderate-to-high neurotoxicity)
So listen: Read the link above [1]. Just by consuming amphetamines (especially methamphetamine), you are putting your brain at risk due to the formation of ROS via Prostaglandin H. The impact of amphetamine neurotoxicity be reduced by pre-treating yourself with approximately 500mg of aspirin for every 5mg-10mg of amphetamine, up to a maximum of approx. 4g of aspirin per day. Read the study I linked for more info.
The risk with regular amphetamine is there, it exists in rats, but there are additional significant risks with compounds like 2-FA, 3-FA , and 4-FA...
On to the really toxic stuff, the HALOGENATED AMPHETAMINES. ...
2) Halogenated amphetamines (the Research Chemicals) such as 2-FA, 3-FA, and 4-FA inherit risk profile of dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine above(with low to high neurotoxicity risk) well as inherit toxicity profile of a really dangerous and neurotoxic related compound known as para-chloroamphetamine.
Para-chloroamphetamine is used to selectively KILL (yes, kill) serotonin neurons in the brain in labs around the world. It is MUCH more toxic than MDMA or Amphetamine. Let's take a look at what this awful amphetamine analog looks like (4-CA).
Para-chloroamphetamine (4-CA): Highly toxic to serotonin neurons.
Hmmm... that 4-CA alot like a substance sold by unscrupulous research chemical vendors, out to make a buck on your suffering -- even if they cause you brain damage. Compare the above structure of Para-chloroamphetamine (4-CA) to your beloved 4-FA.
4-FA: Almost the exact same thing as the highly serotonin-toxic para-chloroamphetamine pictured above. Oh shi0.
Oh, you don't believe me that para-chloroamphetamine is toxic?
Let me quote:
Quote:
Originally Posted by Wikipedia
[Para-chloroamphetamine, aka. 4-CA] is used as a neurotoxin by neurobiologists to selectively kill serotonergic neurons for research purposes, in the same way that 6-hydroxydopamine is used to kill dopaminergic neurons.[2][3][4][5]
The ONLY different between the research chemical 4-FA and the highly- neurotoxic Para-chloroamphetamine (4-CA) is the substitution of a single atom -- a fluorine atom for a chlorine atom.
The Research Chemical 4-FA has a fluorine in a para position on the phenyl group which is VERY CLOSELY RELATED to the highly neurotoxic 4-CA (para-chloroamphetamine), which has a chlorine in a para position on the phenyl group.
These compounds are SO SUBSTANTIALLY SIMILAR that they are considered 'obvious' functional analogs according to U.S. patent law. If you were to patent para-chloroamphetamine for its neurotoxic properties, it is highly likely the U.S. patent office would consider your beloved 4-FA to also have neurotoxic properties (it is 'obvious' to an expert in the field), and would be considered non-patentable.
Given that the ONLY difference between 4-FA and 4-CA (para-chloroamphetamine) is the type of halogen atom, it is highly likely that 4-FA retains some of the neurotoxic properties of 4-CA. The nature and scope of the neurotoxicity is up for debate, but the risk is certainly there. And in my opinion the risk is very high. The physical properties of the halogens are just TOO similar (electronegativity, radius, orbital configuration, etc).
In the same way that anyone who has taken 2C-B will say it is VERY SIMILAR to 2C-I (2c-B / 2c-I causes the same body feelings, the same psychedelic effects, etc and the only difference is ONE HALOGEN ATOM and they only really differ in the biological half-life), anyone taking 4-FA is running the risk of the same neurotoxicity present in 4-CA (difference also = ONE HALOGEN ATOM).
Let's take a look at the properties of the HALOGEN SUBSTITUENTS ... they are VERY SIMILAR. If you are taking 4-FA, you might as well be taking para-chloroamphetamine (4-CA).
Electronegativity of fluorine and chlorine are VERY SIMILAR.
Fluorine and Chlorine have the SAME VALENCE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION (as they are in the same column in the periodic table.)
Fluorine and Chlorine have VERY SIMILAR ATOMIC RADII
(look at F- at 136 and Cl- at 181).
Look at the above properties. 4-FA and 4-CA (para-chloroamphetamine) are so closely related that they might as well be the same chemical. This is like the difference between the OTC antihistamine Chlorpheniramine vs the OTC antihistimine Brompheniramine. They only differ in biological half-life.
There is a small chance (less than 10%) that 4-FA is safe. But the weight of the evidence points to erring on the side of caution -- we need to assume that halogenated amphetamines are neurotoxic (90% probability) -- and that they are much more neurotoxic than regular amphetamines. The evidence is overwhelming.
Given that 4-FA is ALMOST IDENTICAL to the highly neurotoxic 4-CA (para-chloroamphetamine), differing by ONLY ONE ATOM,
Do you really want to take that risk with your brain?
---
P.S.
To users of 4-FA who are concerned:
Okay, so you just read my post, and you believe me. You know that you have taken a risk with your brain, and you want to stop. You don't know how much damage is done (if at all), but you want to get a handle on things and minimize the risk.
What do you do to heal, and to minimize the risk of damage?
1) Stop taking halogenated amphetamines immediately. Do not take them again. You may choose to take regular amphetamines, but halogenated ones are just too risky.
2) Start taking a good multivitamin. Not that Centrum crap. Take a good food-based multivitamin at least 1x / 2x a day from Whole Foods or other organic food store.
3) Eat good diet full of fresh raw foods with fruits and vegetables.
4) Consume melatonin 3-6mg at bedtime each night. This is a powerful mitochondrial antioxidant and promotes brain cell survival during ischemia and other conditions.
5) Consume Acetyl-L-Carnitine at a dose of 2-3gday along side a good source of Omega3 fatty acids. The Acetyl-l-carnitine is a cofactor in the transport of Omega3s and also promotes brain tissue survival as well as regeneration. Consume at least 2-6g Omega3s per day alongside the ALCAR (a mitochondrial cofactor).
Good luck everyone. Please stop taking this 4-FA crap unless you really know what you are doing and have read all the Pubmed literature and made a decision for yourself. Otherwise you are literally playing Russian Roulette with your brain tissue.
Good little read although I get what your driving at couldn't you just state the evidence rather than goign into the 'I'm an experienced pharmacologist' line of things.
People's health is at risk. Since when did a statement of fact become politically incorrect?
Fact: I am an experienced pharmacologist, and I have been employed for a number of years at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
That's unfortunate a statement of fact would make you uncomfortable, but I think it's relevant to my credibility.
On to the chemistry...
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Aren't you slightly jumping to conclusions with this 'you are pretty much taking 4CA when using 4FA' crap.
Short answer: No, I don't think so. There is a high likelyhood that 4-FA has neurotoxic properties.
TL;DR Answer:
I explained this if you read my post carefully -- I used the examples of chlorpheniramine vs brompheniramine -- two OTC antihistamines with markedly similar pharmacological profiles. In fact, they are a good analogy for 4-FA vs. 4-CA because:
WHY USE CHLOR/BROMPHENIRAMINE AS AN ANALOGY FOR 4-FA/4-CA
1) Chlorpheniramine and Brompheniramine also differ by ONE HALOGEN ATOM.
2) Chlorpheniramine and Brompheniramine also are biologically active in the CNS.
3) Chlorpheniramine and Brompheniramine also contain single highly electronegative substituents on a phenyl ring.
4) Chlorpheniramine and Brompheniramine are extensively studied in the medical literature.
Now chlorpheniramine vs brompheniramine are not alone among compounds which differ by a single halogen atom. There are numerous examples across all classes of compounds (benzodiazepines, antivirals, antidepressants, antihistamines, etc) . Literally hundreds of compounds, if not thousands. All these compounds show that halogenated resonance-ring substituents invariably have similar pharmacological and phamacokinetic profiles. Often they are similar as long as the substituent retains the same radius and electronegativity ... This 'rule' holds the vast majority of the time.
WHY: Pharmacological Similarity of halogen substituents is the RULE -- not the exception. When we are talking a single-atom difference, and that atom is an electron-withdrawing halogen in the same position on a ring, often the compounds will retain similar biological activity. Not always. But usually.
The burden of proof is on the RC vendors to prove that 4-FA is a non-neurotoxic exception from 4-CA -- not on me to prove this PATTERN applies to 4-FA. This is especially true when we are dealing with human health -- we need to err on the side of caution. The only reason that 4-FA might be different is because Fluorine has some unique properties and has the smallest atomic radius (and is most highly electronegative [electron withdrawing] out of common pharmaceutical phenyl ring substituents). That is ALL it has going for it which might make it an exception to the rule.
Are you willing to bet your health on the fact that 4-FA is an exception to a rule which is consistent across many classes of pharmaceuticals? I wouldn't, and that's why I've posted. I could less about a pharmacological chest-thumping contest, I'm just trying to help keep people from getting hurt inadvertently.
I'll elaborate on what I mean here... specifically regarding
Chlorpheniramine vs Brompheniramine, the two OTC antihistamines .
Chlorpheniramine: OTC Antihistimine.
Dose: 4 mg orally every 4 to 6 hours.
Maximum dose 32 mg/day.
Elimination Half-life: 20 hours
Brompheniramine: OTC Antihistimine.
Dose: 4 mg to 8 mg orally every 6 hours as needed
Maximum dose: 24 mg/day.
Elimination Half-life: 25 hours
*THESE TWO ANTIHISTAMINE COMPOUNDS ABOVE ARE VERY SIMILAR IN ACTIVITY IN THE HUMAN BODY -- PROBABLY INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM ONE ANOTHER IN A 'BLIND' STUDY. (and like 4-FA/4CA they differ by one halogen atom).
Notice above, chlorpheniramine and brompheniramine differ by a single atom... a halogen substituent... Chlorine vs Bromine ... which as in 4-FA and 4-CA are both halogens in the same column in the periodic table with the same valence electron configuration.
Let's look once again at 4-CA (neurotoxic) vs 4-FA (the RC in question):
4-CA (Left): Highly Selective-Serotonin Neurotoxic ///// 4-FA (Right): Popular RC with likely Neurotoxicity
4-CA and 4-FA also differ by one halogen atom... Are we to expect these drugs don't follow the 'natural' pattern in pharmacology?
Why should we expect the 4-FA is not neurotoxic, when 4-CA is neurotoxic?
The burden of proof is on the Scientific Establishment and on the RC vendors to prove 4-FA is safe.
We can reason by analogy and structure-activity relationships between Chlorpheniramine/Brompheniramine and 4-FA and 4-CA (neurotoxic). From this, we can infer that there is a strong likelyhood that 4-FA retains the neurotoxic profiles of 4-CA, since compounds that follow this pattern (like chlorpheniramine/brompheniramine) almost always have similar pharmacological activity.
Now, the example above is COMMON.
Chlorpheniarmine vs. Brompheniramine are just one of hundreds (if not thousands) of examples in Clinical Pharmacology where we can show that two compounds , which differ by a single halogen atom, retain remarkably similar biological activity, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity profiles.
Quote:
Aren't you slightly jumping to conclusions
No one is not jumping to conclusions... As with chlorpheniramine vs brompheniramine.... There are tons of examples like this:
Examples of Drugs which differ by ONE HALOGEN ATOM which retain remarkably similar properties:
1) 2C-B / 2C-I /2C-C
2) DOB / DOI / DOCl
3) Chlorpheniramine / Brompheniramine
4) Alprazolam / Triazolam
5) Clonazepam / Nitrazepam
Why do you think that DOI and DOB are similar in activity (as well as dose and half-life?) Or why Alprazolam and Triazolam (differing by one chlorine atom vs one hydrogen atom) both have similar 'feel' (as well as onset, poteny, and duration)?
Alprazolam (Xanax) vs. Triazolam (Halcyon)
The differ by the presence or absence of one Chlorine halogen atom on the phenyl ring (analogous to Chlorpheniramine vs Brompheniramine, or 4-FA/4-CA, etc).
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It was my understanding that each of the 2C halogen family were suprisingly different but again I'm tired and can't read up right now.
Have you taken them both? Anyone who has taken 2C-B and 2C-I would tell you the two compounds are remarkably similar in 'nature' and only differ in more subtle aspects. The dose ranges similar. The onset is similar. The half-life is similar. The effects are VERY similar. In fact, I would venture to say it would be difficult for an unexperienced user to tell them apart. Of course, an experienced user would be able to tell easily, but that's not my point. My point is that these compounds are remarkably similar in action , and also differ by a single halogen atom.
The same would apply to alprazolam (Xanax) and triazolam (Halcyon). Both are high-potency benzodiazepines. Anyone who's taken both will of course tell you that they prefer one or the other, that one is more euphoric than the other ,etc, but again, there will not be a consensus on these properties.
What's remarkable is that Xanax and Halcyon are more 'similar' than 'different'. The Dose range is the same. The onset is rapid in both cases. Both drugs will wear off in a similar amount of time (6-10 hours) The effects are very similar (disinhibition, muscle relaxion, sleepiness, anxiety reduction , etc).
Quote:
It was also my understanding that even the smallest change in structure of a molecule could drastically change the properties of that molecule.
Sure that's true to an extent, but there are situations where two drugs will behave identically, and we can make reasonable predictions based on Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) (for example, make inferences based on differences of only a single atom). There is a whole field of study and the pharmaceutical companies spend billions$ on this research each year.
As I've explained, if you have two compounds that are IDENTICAL with the exception of a single halogen atom, then the PATTERN (I call it a RULE) in pharmacology is that they will be near-identical in activity and half-life (within approximately ONE order of magnitude). There are exceptions to this , but they are just that... EXCEPTIONS.
The human body treats halogens similarly because it is the STRUCTURE OF THE COMPOUND (and the electron configuration) that determines the chemistry, not the specific atom at any specific place. Chemistry is determined by overall interactions of electrons, their structure, their density, their 'electron cloud shape' and associated probability density functions, quantum orbital structure, charge, hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, Van Der Waals radius in water, etc. between molecules according to QED, and at higher levels in biology , is determined by the chemistry of proteins and nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)
On the basic level, when you have two compounds that are IDENTICAL (4-FA and 4-CA) with the exception of a SINGLE ATOM, it is reasonable to expect the pharmacology to be similar. I think it's incredibly stupid for people to be taking 4-FA, but as long as they are aware that 4-CA is a highly neurotoxic compound and still choose to risk it, then that is your decision as an individual according to principles of individual liberty.
I have posted because I feel it is my responsibility (by nature of knowledge and position) to try to make people aware of these risks to they do not accidentally screw up their brains and regret making decisions with incomplete information.
I am always happy to engage on a scientific level. The issue here is that of neurotoxicity and possible harm reduction of RCs.
Politically, haven't enough people died of the Bromo-dragonFLY nonsense? Wasn't that enough of a tragedy to reconsider and take a more conservative approach to RC safety? I would say the answer is Yes.
sh4mw0w added 87 Minutes and 27 Seconds later...
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I always had the feeling the FA series was really bad for you- considering the toxicity of flourine itself...
The fluoride ion (F-) is incredibly toxic , but (as mentioned on the other 4-FA thread), when Fluorine is bound to a ring, it forms one of the strongest bonds in organic chemistry. That is, it takes a large amount of activation energy to get the fluorine off the ring (to produce the toxic fluoride ion).
This process usually only occurs on a lab bench with reagents, and rarely occurs in the body.
On the other hand, how 4-FA is metabolized in the human body is not known. So this is just another reason not to take it, although I highly doubt any fluoride ion is being produced in the body. Drinking water and toothpaste comprises your main exposure to fluoride (F-).
Just as a side note, normally amphetamine is metabolized in your body by adding -OH groups to various parts of the molecule. This includes the para-position on the benzene ring, which would suggest that part of the reason 4-FA has a longer duration of action than amphetamine is that the para-fluoride halogen makes the molecule resistant to degradation by the body.
Most likely, 4-FA is metabolized to para-fluoro-norephedrine prior to being excreted (as opposed to para-hydroxy-amphetamine and para-hydroxy-norephedrine which comprise common dextro-amphetamine metabolites in rats). Or it could result in para-fluoro benzoic acid.
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I am a firm advocate of pentedrone as a stim.
Well with any RC there is a risk, buy my firm opinion is that the risk of pentedrone is MUCH lower than the para-halogenated amphetamines.
Pentedrone is basically a methcathinone analog. Due to the latter having an acceptable toxicity profile, I suspect the risk of pentedrone is much much more acceptable than 4-FA (or any halogen-substituted amphetamine for that matter). But my goal here really is to help people avoid poisoning themselves with idiotic RCs off the internet.