Albert Hofmann

[mr peabody]

Who was Albert Hofmann?*

by Jeff Glorfeld | COSMOS | 28 May 2022

In a 2007 article, Britain’s Daily Telegraph newspaper named Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann and Tim Berners-Lee, the British computer scientist often called the inventor of the internet, as equal first in its list of the “top 100 living geniuses.”

To most people, Hofmann is primarily known as the man who first synthesised the crystalline compound lysergic acid diethylamide, the hallucinogenic drug better known as LSD.

But far more than an avatar of “acid”, as the drug became commonly known, Hofmann was an inspired chemist with many important discoveries to his name.

He was born in Baden, in northern Switzerland, on January 11, 1906. He studied chemistry at Zurich University, he said, because “he wanted to explore the natural world at the level where energy and elements combine to create life”, the New York Times wrote in its obituary for Hofmann, published on April 30, 2008.

He earned his PhD in Zurich in 1929 and then took a job with Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, attracted by a program there that sought to synthesise pharmacological compounds from medicinal plants.

The Telegraph described some of Hofmann’s less flamboyant discoveries, including hydergine, a substance for improving circulation and cerebral function, and dihydergot, a circulation and blood-pressure stabilising medicine.

His interest in synthesising LSD initially derived from the hope that it might also be useful as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant.

In the forward to his best-known book, LSD: My Problem Child, published in 1979, Hofmann described a childhood experience in a forest on a May morning in Switzerland: “I was filled with an indescribable sensation of joy, oneness, and blissful security.”

He continued: “I was often troubled in those days, wondering if I would ever, as an adult, be able to communicate these experiences … Because I wanted to gain insight into the structure and essence of matter, I became a research chemist.”

Off and on for some time he’d been working on a substance he called LSD-25. On April 16, 1943, he experienced an “accidental” dosing of the substance. In the book, Hofmann provided his laboratory journal entry for April 19, 1943, the day he intentionally tested LSD on himself.

4/19/43 16:20: 0.5 cc of 1/2 promil aqueous solution of diethylamide tartrate orally = 0.25 mg tartrate. Taken diluted with about 10 cc water. Tasteless.

17:00: Beginning dizziness, feeling of anxiety, visual distortions, symptoms of paralysis, desire to laugh.

Supplement of 4/21: Home by bicycle. From 18:00- ca.20:00 most severe crisis.

Since 1985, fans of Hofmann’s discovery have celebrated April 19 as “Bicycle Day.”

In a 2006 interview, the New York Times reported, Hofmann said that LSD had not affected his understanding of death. In death, he said, ‘I go back to where I came from, to where I was before I was born, that’s all’.”

Albert died at his home, near Basel, Switzerland on April 29, 2008. He was 102.

*From the article here :

From the vault: Albert Hofmann trips the light fantastic

Albert Hofmann was the chemist discovered the hallucinogenic drug LSD and kickstarted the counter-culture. But who was he, really?

cosmosmagazine.com

 

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5 facts you may not know about Albert Hofmann and LSD*

Hofmann’s work with LSD started with purpose, faded away, and then went down in history.

by Barbara E. Bauer, MS | Psychedelic Science Review | 10 Jun 2022

People with interest in psychedelics know that the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann is credited for the first synthesis of LSD in 1938. At the time, he was a research chemist at Sandoz laboratories working on identifying and synthesizing active compounds from medicinal plants.

LSD came into being during a time Hofmann was working with an alkaloid from a fungus called ergot, which infects rye and other cereal grains. The alkaloid was called lysergic acid, and it was the chemical nucleus common to all the ergot alkaloids. Some of these alkaloids had medicinal properties. But often they had unwanted and sometimes severe side effects.

Hofmann was tasked with producing new lysergic acid compounds that did not have side effects. At the same time, he wanted compounds which, based on their chemistry could have pharmacological properties.

So began the story leading up to the synthesis of LSD and the discovery of its psychedelic effects. Below are five interesting facts about Albert Hofmann and his work with LSD over the years.​

1. LSD was one of several ergot derivatives Hofmann synthesized. The correct name of LSD is LSD-25. This is because it was the twenty-fifth in the series of lysergic acid derivatives Hofmann produced.​
2. He synthesized LSD with a purpose in mind. The synthesis of LSD was not an accident. Hoffman did not stumble upon it. He made LSD because he thought it would act as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant. He recognized that its chemical structure was similar to nicotinic acid diethylamide, a similar stimulant (analeptic) of that time.​
3. After Hofmann synthesized LSD, it sat on the shelf for five years. The initial testing of LSD done at Sandoz showed that LSD had a substantial effect on the uterine tissues, an effect seen with other ergot alkaloids. It also made the experimental animals restless during narcosis. As Hofmann recalled, “The new substance, however, aroused no special interest in our pharmacologists and physicians; testing was therefore discontinued.”​
4. Hofmann resurrected LSD because of a “feeling” he had. Or, as he called it a “peculiar presentiment.” Hofmann called LSD “relatively uninteresting” at the time he synthesized it. Despite this, five years later, he produced more and sent it to the pharmacological department at Sandoz for further tests. He said he felt that LSD could have properties other than what the initial testing found. He explained, “This was quite unusual; experimental substances, as a rule, were definitely stricken from the research program if once found to be lacking in pharmacological interest.”​
5. Bicycle Day was Hofmann’s second time on LSD. On Friday, April 16, 1943, Hofmann accidentally ingested LSD while working in his lab. He described a “not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition” with “an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors.” To confirm that LSD was responsible for his experience, he decided to self-test the next workday, Monday, 18, 1943. The story of bicycle day is legendary. Hofmann’s account of his horrific experience self-testing LSD can be explained in part by the dose he took; 250 mcg of the tartaric acid salt. He said he chose the dose by “considering the activity of the ergot alkaloids known at the time.” But at the time, there is no way he could have understood the phenomenal potency of the compound he had created.​

*From the article here :

5 Fast Facts You May Not Know About Albert Hofmann and LSD

Hofmann’s work with LSD started with purpose, faded away, and then went down in history.

psychedelicreview.com

 

[mr peabody]

Albert Hofmann's LSD

 

[mr peabody]

The role LSD has played in my spiritual development

by Albert Hofmann

After my first experiences with LSD, the question arose for me:

Which is true: the picture of the world as we perceive it with our everyday consciousness, or the overwhelming image we perceive under the influence of entheogens?

This caused me to analyze what we know about the mechanism of perceiving reality.

Perception presupposes a subject that perceives, and the object that is perceived. In human relations the subject that perceives is the individual human being, more exactly his consciousness, and the object perceived is the outer material world.

It is of the greatest importance to be aware of the fundamental fact that the outer world consists objectively of nothing more than matter and energy.

In order to make conspicuous the mechanism of our experiencing reality, I have chosen a metaphor from television. The material world functions as transmitter, emanates optical, acoustical, gustatory, olfactory, and tactile signals that are received by the antennae, by our sensory organs, eyes, ears, tongue, nose, and skin and are conducted from there to the corresponding center in the brain to the receiver. There these energetic and material signals are transformed into the spiritual phenomena of seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching. One does not know how this transformation of material and energetic impulses into the psychic dimension of perception takes place. It includes the mystery of the connection between the material and the spiritual world.

The transmitter-receiver metaphor of reality makes evident that the picture of the outer world comes into existence inside, in the consciousness of the individual.

This fundamental fact signifies that the screen on which the colorful world is perceived is not in the outer but in the inner space of every human being. There are no colors, no sounds, no taste, no odors in the outer world. Everyone carries within himself his own personal image of the world, an image created by his private receiver. There is no common screen outside. This makes us fully aware of the cosmogenic (world-creating) power invested in every human.

Before making use of these considerations to explain the ability of LSD and the other entheogens to change the experience of reality, our knowledge about the essence of consciousness must be reviewed.

Consciousness defies a scientific definition and explanation; for it is what is needed to contemplate what consciousness is. It can only be circumscribed as being the receptive and creative center of the spiritual ego, which has the faculties of perceiving, thinking, and feeling, and which is the seat of memory.

It is of fundamental importance to be aware of how consciousness originates and develops.

The newborn human possesses solely the faculty of perceiving, or more correctly, is this mystic nucleus of life. He owns, to use again the metaphor of television, a blank videocassette, where the incoming stimuli from the outer world are transformed into images and sensations that can then be stored in the memory, providing the groundwork for thinking. Without these signals from outside, no consciousness could develop.

There is common consent that the evolution of mankind is paralleled by the increase and expansion of consciousness. From the described process of how consciousness originates and develops, it becomes evident that its growth depends on its faculty of perception.

Therefore every means of improving this faculty should be used.

The characteristics of entheogens, and their faculty to improve sensory perception, makes them inestimable aids in the process of expanding consciousness.

It was LSD, the most potent entheogen, that, to use Blake's famous line, cleansed my doors of perception and made me see everything as it is, infinite.

In my childhood I experienced spontaneously some of those blissful moments when the world appeared suddenly in a new brilliant light, and I had the feeling of being included in its wonder and indescribable beauty. These moments remained in my memory as extraordinary experiences of untold happiness, but only after the discovery of LSD did I grasp their meaning and existential importance.

As mentioned at the beginning of this short essay, it was my experiences with LSD that caused me to think about the essence of reality. The insights I received, as described, increased my astonishment about the wonder of existence, of which we become conscious in enlightened moments.​