The biosynthesis is interesting but things like oxymercuration are hardly facile.
Aminorex and 4MAR both possess 5HT2b affinity which is why they are chronically cardiotoxic. But I would describe their subjective effects to be somewhere between amphetamine and MDMA so they aren't as reinforcing as the former.
It's 3,4-methylenedioxyaminorex (MDAR) that is the jewel in the crown. We had about 100 people try it and the reports were, well, effusive. One person wrote 'the best experience I have ever had on any drug; legal or illegal'. Essentially the subjective effects are midway between MDA and MDMA.
Aminorex was used as an anorexic in Austria during the 1960s and proved to be cardiotoxic if consumed in a chronic manner due to it's 5HT2b affinity.
I think it's reasonable to suggest that people don't consume MDA/MDMA in such a manner. Indeed MDMA displays 5HT2b affinity so it's not like it doesn't constitute a similar risk if consumed chronically.
People went for 4MAR because PPA used to be available but it's now quite tightly controlled.
KOCN won't cyclize the amino-alcohol in the case of aminorex. Instead it forms the intermediate N-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)urea.
If I remember more people made D-amphetamines from phenylpropanolamines then 4-MAR granted. The well-known reaction of hydrazides with cyanogen bromide, usually performed in the presence of potassium or sodium bicarbonate,
affords 2-amino-5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. In the past 10 years, this reaction has been applied several times, mainly in order to obtain biologically active derivatives....
But I thought Everyone JUST made D-AMPH from PPA
A process for making compound of formula I from a phenylpropanolamine salt of formula II wherein: R 1 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group; each R 2 is independently a hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl group, lower alkoxy groups, lower...
patents.google.com
Cyanogen Bromide is no fun and the only worse is It’s not quite on my list of things that I refuse to use, but it’s definitely well up on the list of the ones I’d rather find an alternative to. The stuff is very toxic and very volatile, and reactive as can be. But it’s not the worst thing in its family. A good candidate for that would be cyanogen azide, which you get by reacting the bromide with good old sodium azide. Good old sodium azide, which is no mean poison itself, will do that with just about any bromide that’s capable of being displaced at all( code word for yikes). Azide is one of the Nucleophiles of the Gods, like thiolate anions – if your leaving group doesn’t leave when those things barge in, you need to adjust your thoughts about it. Cyanogen bromide (or chloride) doesn't stand a chance. Marsh's papers are, most appropriately, well marbled with warnings about how to handle the stuff. It's described as
"a colorless oil which detonates with great violence when subjected to mild mechanical, thermal, or electrical shock", and apologies are made for the fact that most of its properties have been determined in dilute solution. For example, its boiling point, the 1972 paper notes dryly, has not been determined. (The person who determined it would have to communicate the data from the afterworld, for one thing). The experimental section notes several things that the careless researcher might not have thought about. For one thing, you don't want to make more than a 5% solution in nonpolar solvents. Anything higher and you run the risk of having the pure stuff
suddenly come out of solution and oil out on the bottom of the flask, and you certainly don't want that. You also don't want to make a solution in anything that's significantly more volatile than the azide, because then the solvent can evaporate on you, making a more concentrated stock below, and you don't want that, either. Finally, you don't want to put any of these solutions in the freezer - a particularly timely warning, since that's one of the first things many people might be tempted to do - because that'll also concentrate the azide as the solvent freezes. And you don't want that. Do you?
How do I store this?
- Store synthesized azides below room temperature and away from sources of heat, light, pressure, and shock.
- Azides are generally classified as Storage Group X in the Stanford Storage Group Classification system, and should be stored away from all other chemicals. Specific incompatibilities include carbon disulfide, bromine, dimethyl sulfate, nitric acid, and heavy metals and their salts.
- Heavy metal azide salts tend to be highly heatand shock-sensitive explosives.
- Avoid water and strong acids which can lead to the formation of hydrazoic acid, which is highly toxic, volatile, and explosive.
ehs.stanford.edu
Broadly speaking, therefore, in my head... and please anyone correct me if I misunderstand the acid
hydrazide and cyanogen halide are simply contacted by being mixed together in solution.
Cyanogen bromide..
Also if hydrazide is converted to the corresponding azide in the presence of an acid and a nitrite and Hydrazoic acid can be made from just azides and an acid (water).
In general, olefinic, aromatic, or carbonyl azides are much less stable than aliphatic azides.Aliphatic azides are a versatile class of compounds found in a variety of biologically active pharmaceuticals. What is known is that sodium azide is water-soluable. " The compound easily pronates (adds a proton) when wet, becoming volatile hydrazoic acid)
While people may have done it in the past I sure as shit hope people knew what they are doing. Or I misreading this and there is nothing to fear... eitherway, the careless researcher shouldn't even work with cyanogen azide, or Cyanogen Bromide or anything like it, but you never can tell what fools will get up to. The compound has around a hundred references in the literature, a good percentage of which are theoretical and computational. Most of the others are physical chemistry, studying its decomposition and reactive properties. You do run into a few papers that actually use it as a reagent in synthesis, but I believe that those can be counted on the fingers, which is a good opportunity to remind oneself why they're all still attached.
I imagine someone wreck less they aren't avoiding water and strong acids which can lead to the formation of hydrazoic acid, which is highly toxic, volatile, and explosive. But you know I'm just thinking out loud... 1/2 the time I feel like I don't understand this but people go no-no you are right you have a "Grasp" better then half my class I teach. But if someone wants to chime in and tell me what I'm not understanding.. I am all ears...