Addiction Dependence Withdrawal

[Hylight]

However, thank you for your inspiration. I really do mean it. Thank you for focusing and being one that does care somehow.♡

Pain is an issue and must be delt with when possible.

 

[Deleted member 517527]

I have work on it everyday .
I had cancer on my Carotid. artery stage III , not fun!
it was Ovarian cancer ️, and three guesses how males get that in there throat
it is very treatable, but horrible treatment . 8 weeks of radiation and chemo , 5 days a week.
but “ I did not die”

 

[Deleted member 517527]

How was your Xmas?
I hope we’ll?
are you safe from COVID, and holding your own?
here in NY the shit is starting to hit the fan , just as Futci told us it would! How the fuck do people Politicalize Science. WTF!! It’s science
when you are fucking Smarter than the people telling you what to do OK, until then “ Shut the Fuck Up “ !!

 

[Hylight]

I have work on it everyday .
I had cancer on my Carotid. artery stage III , not fun!
it was Ovarian cancer ️, and three guesses how males get that in there throat
it is very treatable, but horrible treatment . 8 weeks of radiation and chemo , 5 days a week.
but “ I did not die”

You are Awesome !!

 

[Hylight]

How was your Xmas?
I hope we’ll?
are you safe from COVID, and holding your own?
here in NY the shit is starting to hit the fan , just as Futci told us it would! How the fuck do people Politicalize Science. WTF!! It’s science
when you are fucking Smarter than the people telling you what to do OK, until then “ Shut the Fuck Up “ !!

PEOPLE.
At this point it might be mass hysteria.

And. Rightfully so me thinks. ☹

Yes, things seem to be creepy all over the new world orders.

It's going around here now too. But not everyone has gotten it so far.

 

[Hylight]

so i dunno yet

 

[Hylight]

oh yeah. and there was ten months to build new hospital wards for this Second Wave.

so where is the severity or the sincerity.

im sure there is an act of war to kill bunches somehow thrown into the mix. Like being exterminated or at least controlled. (maybe containamated) LOL

oh no it's christmas still.

JOY TO THE WORLD !!

count our blessings, i guess. ♡

 

[Hylight]

Gababentin Interacting With Hydrocodone​

Studies show that taking gabapentin with Vicodin can potentially decrease the effect of hydrocodone by lowering the maximum concentration hydrocodone reaches in the blood. Hydrocodone levels can be reduced by up to 22% with co-administration. Note that this figure was attained when both medications were taken at the same time, not 3 hours apart.

Sedation​

There is also a risk of additive sedation when taking gabapentin with Vicodin. Both can cause CNS (central nervous system) depression, drowsiness, confusion, and poor concentration. Taking both together may potentiate these effects.

In terms of taking gabapentin 3 hours after Vicodin, the chance of adverse reactions are certainly lessened, but there is still a risk. Each dose of gabapentin lasts about 4 to 12 hours in most people. A three hour difference in administration time would most likely not be enough time to completely clear gabapentin.

Now, there certainly are cases in which gabapentin and Vicodin can be taken together. They work by different mechanisms and are often used for different kinds of pain (hydrocodone for routine analgesia and gabapentin for nerve type pain). It is not uncommon for them to be prescribed and used together. It is just important to be aware of the risks. Below, is some additional information about the two drugs.

Vicodin is a combination narcotic used to treat moderate to severe pain. It works on the opioid receptors in the central nervous system, adjusting how one's brain responds to the feelings of pain.

Gabapentin is an anti-convulsant that works directly on nerves. It affects chemicals and nerves in the body to treat seizures and certain types of pain like nerve pain like diabetic neuropathy or post-herpetic pain caused by the herpes or shingles virus (herpes zoster). Gabapentin also is used to treat restless leg syndrome and seizures in those at least 3 years old. Gabapentin is likely to cause dizziness and drowsiness.

Speak to your physician about your concerns or if you are feeling off taking these medications. It is important as well to remember not to drive or drink alcohol while taking these.

 

[Hylight]

Gabapentin is likely to cause dizziness and drowsiness.

oh that's the truth. i need to get up and work not be drowsy !!

 

[Hylight]

Lactucarium​

Lactucarium is the milky fluid
secreted by several species of lettuce, especially Lactuca virosa, usually from the base of the stems. It is known as lettuce opium because of its putative sedative and analgesic properties. It has also been reported to promote a mild sensation of euphoria. Because it is a latex, lactucarium physically resembles opium, in that it is excreted as a white fluid and can be reduced to a thick smokable solid

History"Lettuce opium" was used by the ancient Egyptians, and was introduced as a drug in the United States as early as 1799. The drug was prescribed and studied extensively in Poland during the nineteenth century, and was viewed as an alternative to opium, weaker but lacking side-effects, and in some cases preferable. However, early efforts to isolate an active alkaloid were unsuccessful. It is described and standardized in the 1898 United States Pharmacopoeia and 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex for use in lozenges, tinctures, and syrups as a sedative for irritable cough or as a mild hypnotic (sleeping aid) for insomnia. The standard definition of lactucarium in these codices required its production from Lactuca virosa, but it was recognized that smaller quantities of lactucarium could be produced in a similar way from Lactuca sativa and Lactuca canadensis var. elongata, and even that lettuce-opium obtained from Lactuca serriola or Lactuca quercina was of superior quality.

In the twentieth century, two major studies found commercial lactucarium to be without effect. In 1944, Fulton concluded, "Modern medicine considers its sleep producing qualities a superstition, its therapeutic action doubtful or nil." Another study of the time identified active bitter principles lactucin and lactucopicrin, but noted that these compounds from the fresh latex were unstable and did not remain in commercial preparations of lactucarium. Accordingly, lettuce opium fell from favor, until publications of the hippie movement began to promote it in the mid-1970s as a legal drug producing euphoria, sometimes compounded with catnip or damiana. More recent work has confirmed that lactucin and lactucopicrin do have analgesic and sedative properties.
The seeds of lettuce have also been used to relieve pain. was listed as an anaesthetic in Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, which served as an authoritative medical textbook from soon after AD 1000 until the seventeenth century.

​

Contemporary use​

Although lactucarium has faded from general use as a pain reliever, it remains available, sometimes promoted as a legal psychotropic.
The seed of ordinary lettuce, Lactuca sativa, is still used in Avicenna's native Iran as a folk medicine.

​

Chemical constituents​

Chemical compounds which occur in lettuce: (1) α-lactucerol (taraxasterol); (2) β-lactucerol (lactucon, lactucerin); (3) lactucin; (4) lactucopicrin
The chemical constituents of lactucarium that have been investigated for biological activity include lactucin and its derivatives lactucopicrin and 11β,13-dihydrolactucin. Lactucin and lactucopicrin were found to have analgesic effects comparable to those of ibuprofen, and sedative activity in measurements of spontaneous movements of the mice. Some effects have also been credited to a trace of hyoscyamine in Lactuca virosa, but the alkaloid was undetectable in standard lactucarium. A crude extract of the seeds was shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in standard formalin and carrageenan tests of laboratory rats. It was not toxic to the rats at a dose of 6 grams per kilogram.
Lactuca virosa contains flavonoids, coumarins, and N-methyl-β-phenethylamine. A variety of other chemical compounds have been isolated from L. virosa. One of the compounds, lactucin, is an adenosine receptor agonist in vitro, while another, lactucopicrin, has been shown to act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in vitro.

 

[Hylight]

Lactuca virosa
Lactuca floridana was found to contain 11β,13-Dihydro-lactucin-8-O-acetate hemihydrate.[

 

[Hylight]

Safer Alternatives to Wild Lettuce​

For people wanting more natural ways to treat pain and inflammation, trying more researched alternatives may be a safer bet.

For example, CBD oil, also known as cannabidiol, is a non-psychoactive compound found in the cannabis plant that exhibits many beneficial effects on health.

Numerous studies reveal that CBD oil may help reduce inflammation, relieve chronic pain, decrease anxiety, benefit heart health and improve sleep quality.

Turmeric and mega-3 fish oil supplements also reduce pain and inflammation with few side effects.

Other evidence-based, natural ways to relieve pain include yoga, exercise, meditation, acupuncture and heat therapy.

 

[Hylight]

 

[Hylight]

 

[Hylight]

 

[Hylight]

Is ketamine a dissociative drug?
This class of drug is characterised by distorted sensory perceptions and feelings of disconnection or detachment from the environment and self. 1 The word dissociative means detached from reality. Ketamine – dissociative anaesthetic that is used in surgery and veterinary medicine. It causes amnesia (memory loss) and analgesia (pain-relief)

 

[Hylight]

Cellular receptors and their role in the psychedelic effect

by Barbara Bauer, MS | Psychedelic Science Review | 23 Mar 2020

Research is revealing that the psychedelic effect is due to much more than 5-HT2A activation.

Corpora non agunt nisi fixate. {Substances do not act unless bound.} –Paul Ehrlich

Anyone who reads about how psychedelic drugs work comes across discussions about receptors. The serotonin receptors, particularly 5-HT2A, get a lot of attention. This is because many psychedelic drugs are derivatives or analogs of the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin, which uses those receptors. But, there’s much more to know about receptors. Here’s a brief overview of how they work, the effects they have, and which ones experts currently think are involved in the effects of psychedelics.

What are receptors?

One definition of a receptor is...

A cellular macromolecule, or an assembly of macromolecules, that is concerned directly and specifically in chemical signaling between and within cells.

To put it another way, receptors are cellular proteins that mediate the activity of molecules. They are found inside cells and spanning the cell membrane. The different types of receptors include membrane receptors like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and receptors that activate enzymes.

How do receptors work?

Although receptors are present at a high density on cells, they occupy only a tiny fraction of the cell’s surface area.4 Because of this, signals from receptors must be amplified to a sufficient intensity to elicit the effect. A signaling cascade is a series of events that amplify the signal and disseminates it quickly throughout the cell. This mechanism is also known as signal transduction.

Understanding how receptors work requires another definition. Substances that bind to receptors are called ligands. Simply stated, a ligand is a molecule that binds to a receptor and causes a biological response.

Now back to the signaling cascade. The cascade initiates when a ligand binds to a binding site (aka the recognition site) on the receptor. The binding triggers the activation of enzymes (often protein kinases). These enzymes, in turn, can have a variety of actions, including stimulating the creation of activators for other enzymes, changing protein configuration, and opening and closing ion channels. The cascade reaction happens until it is modulated or deactivated, often through feedback loops. As a result, the binding of a single ligand is translated into tens, possibly millions of activations that amplify the signal.

Modes of receptor interaction

Ligands can interact with receptors in several ways. Characterization of receptor/ligand interactions include aspects such as the strength of the attraction between the ligand and receptor (affinity), the relationship between the dose of the ligand and the magnitude of the effect (potency), and the degree of the response (efficacy). Here is an overview of a few types of receptor interactions.

Agonists

An agonist is...

A ligand that binds to a receptor and alters the receptor state resulting in a biological response.

An agonist binds to a receptor like the endogenous compound does, but the effects may be quite different. For example, psilocin binding to the 5-HT2A receptor causes different effects than when serotonin binds to it. Partial agonists, as the name implies, have partial efficacy at a given receptor. Inverse agonists can be thought of as modified antagonists (see below). They block the receptor but also produce a negative response.

Antagonists

An antagonist is a compound that reduces the effects of an agonist by blocking the recognition site. It does not cause a conformational change in the protein as the ligand would. The chemical ketanserin is an example of an antagonist of the 5-HT2A receptor. It is a cardiovascular drug and is also used in receptor binding assays to study how the receptor works.

Allosteric modulators

These compounds increase or decrease the action of an agonist or antagonist. They accomplish this by binding to an area other than where an endogenous agonist binds. Allosteric ligands are particularly useful for designing drugs that target GPCRs.5 Several serotonin receptor subtypes, including 5-HT2A, belong to the GPCR family.

Receptors involved in the psychedelic effect

In terms of the serotonin receptors, studies have shown that activation of the 5-HT2A receptor by an agonist or partial agonist causes the psychedelic effect. Psychedelics researcher Dr. David Nichols theorizes that the 5-HT2C receptor may also have a role. In his landmark 2016 paper titled Psychedelics, he says...

All known psychedelics are agonists at both the 5HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors…higher doses of particular psychedelics may lead to activation of the 5-HT2C receptor, which often functionally opposes the effects of 5-HT2A receptor activation.

In addition to 5-HT2A, the psychedelic compounds psilocin and 5-MeO-DMT have a high affinity for 5-HT1A. LSD activates the dopamine D2 receptor11 but is also a full agonist at 5-HT1A.

David Nichols wrote in his 2004 paper titled Hallucinogens...

Although the widespread consensus is that the activation of the 5-HT2A receptor is the essential pharmacological component in the actions of hallucinogens, it is still possible that interactions with other CNS receptors may modulate the overall psychopharmacology.

Study examining several psychedelic compounds at receptors

A 2010 paper published in PloS ONE analyzed the binding affinity data for 35 psychedelic drugs (primarily phenylalkylamines) at 51 receptors, transporters, and ion channels. The compounds included ones that are naturally occurring as well as synthetics.

The main observation from the data was that psychedelic drugs are not as selective as may be generally believed in the scientific community. The author Ray stated...

…psychedelics interact with a large number of receptors (forty-two out of the forty-nine sites at which most of the drugs were assayed).

In addition, the data indicated that psychedelics...

…exhibit diverse patterns of receptor interaction. Different drugs emphasize different classes of serotonin receptors.

For example, the author made these observations from the data (note: “hit” means inducing >50% inhibition in binding assays):

• “5-HT2B is the best hit for thirteen drugs.”
• “5-HT1A is the best hit for nine drugs.”
• “Five of the top six psychedelic receptors are 5-HT1 and 5-HT2”

The author summed up the findings in the study by saying...

This diversity of receptor interaction may underlie the qualitative diversity of these drugs. It should be possible to use this diverse set of drugs as probes into the roles played by the various receptor systems in the human mind.

 

[Hylight]

It's not the medicine that is bad. It's the poison that's mixed into it.

 

[Hylight]

Can you take hydrocodone with gabapentin?
Drugs.com, which states there is “Moderate” interaction between gabapentin and hydrocodone. Here is what this authority website states on the combination of gabapentin and hydrocodone: “Using hydrocodone together with gabapentin may increase side effects such as dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, and difficulty concentrating.

 

[Hylight]

Most medications have black and white answers when it comes to their combinations. However, with gabapentin and hydrocodone, it’s a gray area.