Temazepam based capsules and tablets are commonly detected by Customs at different ports and airports. Most are coming from countries where they are being illicitly manufactured in clandestine labs. Organized crime syndicates and drug barons in Eastern Europe and China are responsible for the illicit manufacture and distribution of temazepam. Clandestine "jellie labs" have been identified and shutdown in Russia, Ukraine, Greece, Czech Republic, Latvia and Belarus. Temazepam is also found occasionally in the baggage of air passengers. Customs detected 544 unauthorised importations of temazepam-based capsules in 2003–04. Most detections were of small or medium quantities of temazpeam (up to 200–300 tablets/capsules) brought to Australia for personal use. A number of importations, predominantly from China, involved quantities of over 1000 capsules. Most of the temazepam detected originated from the United Kingdom, Russia, China, France, and several Eastern Europe countries. The increase in illicit importation of temazepam in Australia to meet the high demands for the drug are likely due to two reasons: the fact that intravenous drug user-friendly temazepam capsules have been taken off the legal market, and because of a dramatic decrease in prescriptions for temazepam in Australia over the past five years. Customs detected 447 illicit importations of temazepam-based capsules in 2005–06, an increase from 341 in 2004–05, and a decrease from 544 detection in 2003–04. Quantities detected varied from 100 to 2,000 capsules per detection. Eastern European countries, China, Russia, India, United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, New Zealand, Germany, France, South Africa, and even the United States, Peru, and Argentina. This is the first time that the US, Peru, Argentina, and Germany have been mentioned in Australian Illicit Drug Data Report (IDDR) for the importation of illicit temazepam. This may suggest a trend in the growth of an international temazepam epidemic. There were two detections of over 1,000 capsules—one from Sri Lanka and one from Peru—both of temazepam. Additionally, there were 12 detections of over 300 capsules and 10 detections of 100 to 300 capsules.