Hallucinogens with 5HT-agonist properties, including d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), have also been reported to modulate motor neuron activity. DMT elicits yawning in monkeys, and these and other LSD-like hallucinogens have been reported to produce increased frequencies of yawning in cats; data on this subject have been published only for the 5HT agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
During studies of the specificity of a cat behavior model for hallucinogens, I observed that LSD elicited a high frequency of yawning. Since LSD is a potent serotonergic agent which also possesses dopaminergic properties, and since both 5HT and DA have been implicated in yawning, I used LSD-eliciled yawning as a starting point for a study of the roles of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in the behavior. In addition to its relevance to the pharmacology of yawning and the behavioral pharmacology of LSD, the study was intended as a preliminary investigation of yawning as a behavioral index of serotonergic and dopaminergic properties of drugs. Since 5HT mechanisms appear to increase, and DA mechanisms decrease, the frequency of occurrence of yawning, drug-elicited yawning may provide a simple system for studying the interactions of serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs, or for investigating the concomitant expression of 5HT- and DA-related properties of a drug with -mixedeffects. For purposes of comparison, I also scored limb flicking, a well-studied feline behavior which is not obviously related to yawning, and is elicited by many drugs, including LSD and related hallucinogens. [...]