Why Are Methamphetamine and MDA Included in MDMA Tablets?
The reasons why illicit drug manufacturers include methamphetamine and MDA tablets marketed as ecstasy in the absence of any specific demand are unknown. Methamphetamine might be included to enhance the stimulant effects of the drug cocktail. MDA might be marketed as a replacement for MDMA because of its longer duration of action (2,3) and (possibly) higher potency (32) in order to counter the tolerance which often occurs in MDMA users (see Table 1). Alternatively, MDA might be included because of a perception that synthesis is simpler or that the chemicals needed to synthesize MDA were easier to obtain and were not as subject to scrutiny (by the authorities) as were those for the synthesis of MDMA (J. Hugel, unpublished observations). The synthesis of MDMA and MDA in southern Ontario almost always begins with sassafras oil, which consists of 75 to 90% safrole. Safrole is removed from the oil and then oxidized to 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanone (MD-P-2-P) by one of a variety of routes (see Fig. 2). The oldest and until recently, the most common route, involves isomerizing the safrole to isosafrole and then oxidizing with formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. A more recent set of methods involve the use of the Wacker oxidation (of safrole) using palladium chloride and one of methyl nitrite, hydroquinone, or oxygen gas. From MD-P-2-P, MDA can be made by reductive amination using sodium cyanoborohydride and ammonium chloride. From MD-P-2-P, MDMA can be synthesized by reductive amination using methylamine and aluminum amalgam. Since the bulk of the effort in these syntheses is obtaining MD-P-2-P, there is no clear distinction (as far as simplicity) between the effort required to produce MDMA or MDA .