About Ritalin Bioavailability:
1. I second the 30%-statement upon
oral administration. My ref: "General and Special Pharmacolgy and Toxocology"; W. Forth, D. Henschler, W. Rummel; 8th edition,
2001 (german textbook)
2. Alcohol increases significantly the oral bioavailability of d-methylphenidat (selectively!). Ref:
Clin Pharmacol Therap 2007,
81, p.346
See here for a free available ref that reports about 2 ritalin-fatalities:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/...ez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
Further refs with fatality-reports:
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J Anal Toxicol 1986,
10(5), p.209: A case involving an accidental overdose fatality resulting from an intravenous injection of crushed Ritalin (methylphenidate) tablets is presented. The drug was quantified by gas chromatography/nitrogen-phosphorus detection and confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Concentrations of drug were as follows: blood, 2.8 mg/L; bile, 5.7 mg/L; kidney, 3.0 mg/kg; liver, 2.1 mg/kg; and stomach contents, 1.6 mg total. Other drugs and volatile substances were not detected.
-
J Forensic Sci 1999,
44(1), p.220: A fatality in a teenager from the recreational intranasal abuse of methylphenidate (Ritalin) is reported. The prescribed use of methylphenidate (Ritalin) in the treatment of attention deficit and/or hyperactivity disorder is widespread. The intranasal abuse of methylphenidate (Ritalin) among teenagers is becoming increasingly more recognized. Previous deaths from the parenteral abuse of methylphenidate (Ritalin) have been reported. This fatality is the first reported from its intranasal abuse.
Peace! Murphy