To what extent is snorting harmful to the lungs and nasal passages?
I've been searching for a couple years now every now and then to try to find any kind of reputable information about the effects of snorting things on the lungs and nasal passages. Of course I'm aware that different drugs and different formulations for things such as pills makes a huge difference in their harmfulness. I'm sure it's generally considered unhealthy to snort a pill pressed with binders, fillers, and disintegrants such as microcrystalline cellulose (or methyl or hydroxymethyl) or waxes or plasticizers, but to what extent is it actually harmful? Can it cause permanent damage or breakdown of alveolar lining such as in emphysema? Do waxes and binders stay in the lungs forever or for very long periods of time like tar from smoking? Do many drugs directly kill cells or cause permanent damage (not including carcinogens and mutagens, let's stick to non-carcinogens here)? Obviously sharp crystals like molly, 2C's, cocaine, meth, etc cause real damage and can cause scarring, inflexibility, and increase the risk of cancer by the same mechanism as asbestos does, but would the powder forms of these drugs cause any significant lung damage? I'm sure large amounts of hydrophilic drug formulations could cause mild pneumonia (edema caused by increased osmolarity inside lungs), but is it significant? Some people suggest that the burning sensation from insufflation is often caused by the acidic counterion left over when an alkaloid passes through the membrane, as in 2C-E*HCl --> 2C-E + HCl -->(absorption) HCl inside the lungs/nasal cavity, which causes local very low pH, causing tissue damage, but is this true and is there significant tissue damage? Is this a common occurrance with insufflated drugs?
It seems pretty clear to me that sharp crystalline drugs cause real damage, as evidenced in regular meth and cocaine users who often have pain in their noses and often have nosebleeds, but what about snorting pressed pills or powders?
Anyway, I'm sure that's too many questions for anyone to answer, but there is definitely a large void of information about the damage, both long and short term, from just the process of snorting, whereas all the information available seems to be about the dangers associated with the drug itself--its often increased bioavailability vs. oral ingestion, greater rate of increase of blood concentration of the drug, etc, but never the danger of snorting itself. Thanks in advance for any information anyone can offer, especially in the form of biomedical research, but even anecdotal evidence would be greatly appreciated.
Say know to drugs, your mind, and your body.
-Jaguraguguru