ghostcorps
Bluelighter
- Joined
- May 20, 2001
- Messages
- 267
there is currently a massive campaign of misinformation about GHB.. the SAY 'NO' TO G .. campaign.... While I personally do not liek G. I have taken on the task of countering the reams of bulls#*T these guys are putting out. In the course of my research i finnally found a clinical study of GHB rather than relying of fact sheets that tend to be biased one way or the other. I have included an excerpt below with a brief glossary.. for the full report click this link HERE
Because GHB can be administered peripherally to induce sleep, it has been employed clinically in Europe in the field of anesthesia. As it has no analgesic properties, GHB must be used in combination with an opiate analgesic. Its long half-life, compared with newer agents, and its association with myoclonus have substantially reduced its use in anesthesia, although it has been shown to protect tissues from the damaging effects of hypoxia and ischemia (reviewed in Li et al. 1998).
Hypoxia: means an absence of oxygen reaching living tissues.
Ischemia: is a condition where the oxygen-rich
blood flow to a part of the body is restricted.
Clinical effects
During clinical trials, therapeutic doses of GHB have produced adverse reactions that were generally minor and consisted mainly of dizziness, headache, and nausea. Recreational users have reported euphoria, relaxation, disinhibition, and increased libido; however, the doses were not specified (Galloway et al. 1997).
With acute overdose, the central nervous system depressant effects are much more evident, and sedation, ranging from lethargy to coma, has been reported. Other central nervous system effects include nystagmus, miosis, ataxia, combativeness, respiratory depression, apnea, and seizure-like activity (myoclonus). Additional effects include vomiting, hypothermia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, and urinary and fecal incontinence (Chin et al. 1998; Dyer 1991). In one case series, hypotension was associated with concomitant ethanol ingestion (Chin et al. 1998). Similar effects have been reported with GBL (Hardy et al. 1999; LoVecchio et al. 1998) and 1,4-BD (Cisek et al. 1999; Dyer et al. 1997).
In a series of 88 patients intoxicated with GHB and related compounds seen in a major metropolitan hospital over a 3-year period, 34 had also ingested ethanol. Other illicit drugs are also common coingestants (Chin et al. 1998; Garrison and Mueller 1998).
Abrupt cessation in GHB abusers has produced withdrawal symptoms. This has been associated with frequent (every 1-3 hours) and excessively high daily doses for several weeks to 3 years (Dyer and Andrews 1997; Dyer et al. 2001; Galloway et al. 1997). Reported symptoms have included anxiety, dizziness, confusion, tremor, insomnia, paranoid behavior, auditory and visual hallucinations, psychosis, tachycardia, and hypertension (Dyer and Andrews 1997; Galloway et al. 1997; Sanguinetti et al. 1997). Withdrawal symptoms have persisted for up to 15 days (Dyer et al. 2001). In a case series of 8 patients suffering GHB withdrawal, one patient died on the 13th day of hospitalization, although the relationship to GHB withdrawal remains unclear (Dyer et al. 2001). At least one case of withdrawal has been reported following the abrupt cessation of a GBL-containing product (Green et al. 1999). Because 1,4-BD is also converted in vivo to GHB, it is not surprising that cases of withdrawal have also been reported following cessation of 1,4-BD-containing products (Zvosec et al. 2001).
The illicit home synthesis from gamma-butyrolactone and sodium hydroxide, sold together in kits, has been the source of numerous cases of GHB overdose (Henretig et al. 1998). Several cases of adverse events secondary to improper manufacture from kits have also been reported (Dyer and Reed 1997; Wiley et al. 1998).
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glossary: sorted as they appear in the text.
Nystagmus: is characterized by an involuntary movement of the eyes
Miosis: Contraction of the pupil
Ataxia: Inability to coordinate muscle control resulting in irregularity of movements.
Apnea: A condition in which a person momentarily stops breathing during sleep.
Myoclonus: sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles. Distinct from a seziure.
Hypothermia: A decrease in the body temperature
Bradycardia: A slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute).
Atrial fibrillation: rapid, irregular contractions of the heart muscle fibres.
Hypotension: Low blood pressure.
Tachycardia: very rapid heartbeat.
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sure the big words sound scary.. concert.. but I notice a distinct lack of death, Brain damage or any other permanant damage.
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=^_^=
Because GHB can be administered peripherally to induce sleep, it has been employed clinically in Europe in the field of anesthesia. As it has no analgesic properties, GHB must be used in combination with an opiate analgesic. Its long half-life, compared with newer agents, and its association with myoclonus have substantially reduced its use in anesthesia, although it has been shown to protect tissues from the damaging effects of hypoxia and ischemia (reviewed in Li et al. 1998).
Hypoxia: means an absence of oxygen reaching living tissues.
Ischemia: is a condition where the oxygen-rich
blood flow to a part of the body is restricted.
Clinical effects
During clinical trials, therapeutic doses of GHB have produced adverse reactions that were generally minor and consisted mainly of dizziness, headache, and nausea. Recreational users have reported euphoria, relaxation, disinhibition, and increased libido; however, the doses were not specified (Galloway et al. 1997).
With acute overdose, the central nervous system depressant effects are much more evident, and sedation, ranging from lethargy to coma, has been reported. Other central nervous system effects include nystagmus, miosis, ataxia, combativeness, respiratory depression, apnea, and seizure-like activity (myoclonus). Additional effects include vomiting, hypothermia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, and urinary and fecal incontinence (Chin et al. 1998; Dyer 1991). In one case series, hypotension was associated with concomitant ethanol ingestion (Chin et al. 1998). Similar effects have been reported with GBL (Hardy et al. 1999; LoVecchio et al. 1998) and 1,4-BD (Cisek et al. 1999; Dyer et al. 1997).
In a series of 88 patients intoxicated with GHB and related compounds seen in a major metropolitan hospital over a 3-year period, 34 had also ingested ethanol. Other illicit drugs are also common coingestants (Chin et al. 1998; Garrison and Mueller 1998).
Abrupt cessation in GHB abusers has produced withdrawal symptoms. This has been associated with frequent (every 1-3 hours) and excessively high daily doses for several weeks to 3 years (Dyer and Andrews 1997; Dyer et al. 2001; Galloway et al. 1997). Reported symptoms have included anxiety, dizziness, confusion, tremor, insomnia, paranoid behavior, auditory and visual hallucinations, psychosis, tachycardia, and hypertension (Dyer and Andrews 1997; Galloway et al. 1997; Sanguinetti et al. 1997). Withdrawal symptoms have persisted for up to 15 days (Dyer et al. 2001). In a case series of 8 patients suffering GHB withdrawal, one patient died on the 13th day of hospitalization, although the relationship to GHB withdrawal remains unclear (Dyer et al. 2001). At least one case of withdrawal has been reported following the abrupt cessation of a GBL-containing product (Green et al. 1999). Because 1,4-BD is also converted in vivo to GHB, it is not surprising that cases of withdrawal have also been reported following cessation of 1,4-BD-containing products (Zvosec et al. 2001).
The illicit home synthesis from gamma-butyrolactone and sodium hydroxide, sold together in kits, has been the source of numerous cases of GHB overdose (Henretig et al. 1998). Several cases of adverse events secondary to improper manufacture from kits have also been reported (Dyer and Reed 1997; Wiley et al. 1998).
------------------------------
glossary: sorted as they appear in the text.
Nystagmus: is characterized by an involuntary movement of the eyes
Miosis: Contraction of the pupil
Ataxia: Inability to coordinate muscle control resulting in irregularity of movements.
Apnea: A condition in which a person momentarily stops breathing during sleep.
Myoclonus: sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles. Distinct from a seziure.
Hypothermia: A decrease in the body temperature
Bradycardia: A slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute).
Atrial fibrillation: rapid, irregular contractions of the heart muscle fibres.
Hypotension: Low blood pressure.
Tachycardia: very rapid heartbeat.
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sure the big words sound scary.. concert.. but I notice a distinct lack of death, Brain damage or any other permanant damage.
-------
=^_^=
