• N&PD Moderators: Skorpio | thegreenhand

Why is there fluoride in SSRIs

1) Evidence for water fluoridation's efficacy in more well-to-do sociocultures in which people regularly brush their teeth is modest at best, but certainly not dismissible outright

True, but this probably because they get fluoride from toothpaste...

2) Pineal fluoridation could actually be of substantive concern, especially for children and adolescents. On the other hand, I could never find anything more worrying than a couple gerbil/guinea pig studies demonstrating female pubertal acceleration and delayed ball-dropping in males (or something to that effect)

I have to admit here, I did a bit more searching and did manage to find that study in pubmed, about fluoride accumulation in pineal: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11275672

So, I admit it could be a potential concern. However, there are a few things to consider:

1. This seems to be the only study ever done about fluoride accumulation in the pineal. No other study has ever been done, or at least I can't find one. Has anyone ever replicated these results? If not, why?

2. The study was done on a small sample group, 11 randomly selected corpses of elderly people (about 80 y/o) and there is no data of the fluoride intake of the specimens: we don't know if these people lived in high or low fluoride areas. Therefore, we do not know if this fluoride accumulation is something that happens naturally with natural amounts of fluoride intake, or if it is indeed something that only happens when extra fluoride is taken.

3. We do not know if there are any harmful effects from fluoride accumulation. The study also showed calcium accumulation - of course, no one is still shouting "we must not eat calcium!" (because obviously, calcium is good for you in proper dosages, it helps build your bones)

So in conclusion, while there might be a somewhat legitimate concern here, there simply isn't sufficient evidence to show any inherent harmfulness in fluoride.
 
Aright I'm giving up.

If you wanna class that as a "win" for you then by all means, do.

There's so many papers and articles and studies that question fluorides potential harm, then there's loads more to question it's potential benefits.. all written by people that know alot more about it than any one of us.

I didn't ask to be forcefully medicated, therefore i shouldn't be being forcefully medicated.
 
A couple study's.

J Public Health Dent. 2001 Spring;61(2):78-86.
An economic evaluation of community water fluoridation.
Griffin SO, Jones K, Tomar SL.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Oral Health, Surveillance, Investigations and Research Branch, 4770 Buford Highway, MSF10, Chamblee, GA 30341, USA. [email protected]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to assess the local cost savings resulting from community water fluoridation, given current exposure levels to other fluoride sources.

METHODS: Adopting a societal perspective and using a discount rate of 4 percent, we compared the annual per person cost of fluoridation with the cost of averted disease and productivity losses. The latter was the product of annual dental caries increment in nonfluoridated communities, fluoridation effectiveness, and the discounted lifetime cost of treating a carious tooth surface. We obtained or imputed all parameters from published studies and national surveys. We conducted one-way and three-way sensitivity analyses.

RESULTS: With base-case assumptions, the annual per person cost savings resulting from fluoridation ranged from $15.95 in very small communities to $18.62 in large communities. Fluoridation was still cost saving for communities of any size if we allowed increment, effectiveness, or the discount rate to take on their worst-case values, individually. For simultaneous variation of variables, fluoridation was cost saving for all but very small communities. There, fluoridation was cost saving if the reduction in carious surfaces attributable to one year of fluoridation was at least 0.046.

CONCLUSION: On the basis of the most current data available on the effectiveness and cost of fluoridation, caries increment, and the cost and longevity of dental restorations, we find that water fluoridation offers significant cost savings.
Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Nov;2 Spec no:A06. Epub 2005 Nov 1.
Costs and savings associated with community water fluoridation programs in Colorado.
O'Connell JM, Brunson D, Anselmo T, Sullivan PW.

University of Colorado at Denver and Health Science Center School of Medicine, Denver, Colo, USA.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Local, state, and national health policy makers require information on the economic burden of oral disease and the cost-effectiveness of oral health programs to set policies and allocate resources. In this study, we estimate the cost savings associated with community water fluoridation programs (CWFPs) in Colorado and potential cost savings if Colorado communities without fluoridation programs or naturally high fluoride levels were to implement CWFPs.

METHODS: We developed an economic model to compare the costs associated with CWFPs with treatment savings achieved through averted tooth decay. Treatment savings included those associated with direct medical costs and indirect nonmedical costs (i.e., patient time spent on dental visit). We estimated program costs and treatment savings for each water system in Colorado in 2003 dollars. We obtained parameter estimates from published studies, national surveys, and other sources. We calculated net costs for Colorado water systems with existing CWFPs and potential net costs for systems without CWFPs. The analysis includes data for 172 public water systems in Colorado that serve populations of 1000 individuals or more. We used second-order Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the inherent uncertainty of the model assumptions on the results and report the 95% credible range from the simulation model.

RESULTS: We estimated that Colorado CWFPs were associated with annual savings of 148.9 million dollars (credible range, 115.1 million dollars to 187.2 million dollars) in 2003, or an average of 60.78 dollars per person (credible range, 46.97 dollars dollars to 76.41 dollars). We estimated that Colorado would save an additional 46.6 million dollars (credible range, 36.0 dollars to 58.6 dollars million) annually if CWFPs were implemented in the 52 water systems without such programs and for which fluoridation is recommended.

CONCLUSION: Colorado realizes significant annual savings from CWFPs; additional savings and reductions in morbidity could be achieved if fluoridation programs were implemented in other areas.
Int Dent J. 1991 Feb;41(1):43-8.
Dental health in schoolchildren 5 years after water fluoridation ceased in south-west Scotland.
Attwood D, Blinkhorn AS.
Dental Department, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK.

A follow-up study of the dental health of children resident in two towns in south-west Scotland, one of which had fluoridated water until 1983, was carried out at the end of 1988. Comparison with an identical 1980 study allowed trends in the prevalence of caries to be examined. In 1988, the mean, decayed, missing and filled deciduous teeth (dmft) score for 5-year-old children in Stranraer, the formerly fluoridated town, was 3.08, 24 per cent worse than the score of 2.48 reported in 1980. In Annan, mean dmft for 5-year-old children was 3.18 in 1988, 27 per cent lower than the 1980 dmft score of 4.38. The difference in caries prevalence between the two towns in 1988 was a non-significant 3.1 per cent compared with the 44 per cent difference found in 1980. Similar trends in caries prevalence were also found in 10-year-old children with mean DMFT scores of 2.28 in Stranraer and 2.56 in Annan in 1988, a 10.9 per cent difference compared with the 50 per cent difference reported in 1980. The Stranraer DMFT score was 37.4 per cent higher than the DMFT of 1.66 recorded in 1980, while in Annan, the mean DMFT of 2.56 was 23.6 per cent lower than the 1980 score of 3.35. The comparison confirms a trend to lower caries levels in Annan children in line with the general trend in caries prevalence in much of western Europe. However, despite the almost universal use of fluoride toothpaste, caries prevalence in Stranraer children has increased since fluoridation ceased to almost parity with children in the non-fluoridated area. This study shows that there is still a benefit to be gained in terms of lower caries rates by implementing water fluoridation despite the general decline in dental caries.
J Public Health Dent. 2007 Winter;67(1):1-7.
A comparison of dental caries levels in two communities with different oral health prevention strategies stratified in different social classes.
Sagheri D, McLoughlin J, Clarkson JJ.
Department of Public and Child Dental Health, Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Trinity College, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland. [email protected]

OBJECTIVES: To compare dental caries levels of schoolchildren stratified in different social classes whose domestic water supply had been fluoridated since birth (Dublin) with those living in an area where fluoridated salt was available (Freiburg). METHODS: A representative, random sample of twelve-year-old children was examined and dental caries was recorded using World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS: A total of 699 twelve-year-old children were examined, 377 were children in Dublin and 322 in Freiburg. In Dublin the mean decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) was 0.80 and in Freiburg it was 0.69. An examination of the distribution of the DMFT score revealed that its distribution is highly positively skewed. For this reason this study provides summary analyses based on medians and inter-quartile range and nonparametric rank sum tests. In both cities caries levels of children in social class 1 (highest) were considerably lower when compared with the other social classes regardless of the fluoride intervention model used. The caries levels showed a reduced disparity between children in social class 2 (medium) and 3 (lowest) in Dublin compared with those in social class 2 and 3 in Freiburg. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from this study confirmed that water fluoridation has reduced the gap in dental caries experience between medium and lower social classes in Dublin compared with the greater difference in caries experience between the equivalent social classes in Freiburg. The results from this study established the important role of salt fluoridation where water fluoridation is not feasible.
BMJ. 1997 Aug 30;315(7107):514-7.
Water fluoridation, tooth decay in 5 year olds, and social deprivation measured by the Jarman score: analysis of data from British dental surveys.
Jones CM, Taylor GO, Whittle JG, Evans D, Trotter DP.
North West Dental Public Health Resource Centre, Wesham Park Hospital, Preston.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of water fluoridation, both artificial and natural, on dental decay, after socioeconomic deprivation was controlled for. DESIGN: Ecological study based on results from the NHS dental surveys in 5 year olds in 1991-2 and 1993-4 and Jarman underprivileged area scores from the 1991 census. SETTING: Electoral wards in three areas: Hartlepool (naturally fluoridated), Newcastle and North Tyneside (fluoridated), and Salford and Trafford (non-fluoridated). SUBJECTS: 5 year old children (n = 10,004). INTERVENTION: Water fluoridation (artificial and occurring naturally). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Ward tooth decay score (score on the "decayed, missing, and filled tooth index" for each electoral ward). RESULTS: Multiple linear regression showed a significant interaction between Jarman score for ward, mean number of teeth affected by decay, and both types of water fluoridation. This confirms that the more deprived an area, the greater benefit derived from fluoridation, whether natural or artificial (R2 = 0.84, P < 0.001). At a Jarman score of zero (national mean score) there was a predicted 44% reduction in decay in fluoridated areas, increasing to a 54% reduction in wards with a Jarman score of 40 (very deprived). The area with natural fluoridation (at a level of 1.2 parts per million-higher than levels in artificially fluoridated areas) had a 66% reduction in decay, with a 74% reduction in wards with a Jarman score of 40. CONCLUSION: Tooth decay is confirmed as a disease associated with social deprivation, and the more socially deprived areas benefit more from fluoridation. Widespread water fluoridation is urgently needed to reduce the "dental health divide" by improving the dental health of the poorer people in Britain.
J Dent. 2000 Aug;28(6):389-93.
Water fluoridation, poverty and tooth decay in 12-year-old children.
Jones CM, Worthington H.
Highland Health Board, Assynt House, Beechwood Park, Inverness, UK.

AIM: To examine the influence of water fluoridation, and socio-economic deprivation on tooth decay in the permanent dentition of 12 year old children. SETTING: The North of England, fluoridated Newcastle and non-fluoridated Liverpool. A total of 6,638 children were examined. OUTCOME MEASURES: Multiple Regression analysis of fluoride status, mean electoral ward DMFT in 1992/93 and ward Townsend Scores from the 1991 census. RESULTS: Social deprivation and tooth decay were significantly correlated in areas with and without water fluoridation. Multiple linear regression showed a statistically significant interaction between ward Townsend score, mean DMFT and water fluoridation, showing that the more deprived the area the greater the reduction in tooth decay. At a Townsend score of zero (the English average) there was a predicted 37% reduction in decay in 12-year-olds in fluoridated wards. CONCLUSIONS: Tooth decay is strongly associated with social deprivation. The findings confirm that the implementation of water fluoridation has markedly reduced tooth decay in 12-year-old children and that socio-economic dental health inequalities are reduced.

PMID: 10856802
J Public Health Dent. 2006 Fall;66(4):227-34.
Sources of dietary fluoride intake in 6-7-year-old English children receiving optimally, sub-optimally, and non-fluoridated water.

Zohouri FV, Maguire A, Moynihan PJ.

School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK.

OBJECTIVES: Due to increased consumption of pre-packaged drinks, tap water may no longer be the principal source of water intake and consequently fluoride intake. Little is known about the importance of solid foods as fluoride sources and how the relative contribution of foods/drinks to fluoride intake is affected by residing in fluoridated or non-fluoridated areas. This study investigated the relative contributions of different dietary sources to dietary fluoride intake and compared this in children residing in optimally artificially fluoridated, sub-optimally artificially fluoridated, and non-fluoridated areas. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy children aged 6 years were recruited from fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities and categorised into three groups based on fluoride content of home tap water: optimally fluoridated (< or =0.7 mgF/L), sub-optimally fluoridated (> or =0.3 to < or =0.7 mgF/L) and non-fluoridated (50.3 mgF/L) drinking water. A 3-day dietary diary collected dietary information. Samples of foods/drinks consumed were collected and analyzed for fluoride content. RESULTS: Drinks provided 59%, 55% and 32% of dietary fluoride intake in optimally, sub-optimally and non-fluoridated areas respectively. Tap water, fruit squashes and cordials (extremely sweet non-alcoholic fruit flavoured drink concentrates) prepared with tap water, as well as cooked rice, pasta and vegetables were important sources of fluoride in optimally and sub-optimally fluoridated areas. Carbonated soft drinks and bread were the most important contributors to dietary fluoride intake in the non-fluoridated area. CONCLUSION: The main contributory sources to dietary fluoride differ between fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas. Estimating total fluoride intake from levels of fluoride in tap water alone is unlikely to provide a reliable quantitative measure of intake. Studies monitoring dietary fluoride exposure should consider intake from all foods and drinks.
Br Dent J. 1995 Jan 21;178(2):72-5.
Celebrating 50 years of fluoridation: a public health success story.

Easley MW.

Community water fluoridation has served Americans extremely well as the cornerstone of dental caries prevention activities for over 49 years. While January 25, 1995, marks the fiftieth anniversary of fluoridation's inauguration at Grand Rapids, Michigan, the dental and general health benefits associated with the ingestion of water-borne fluorides have been well known by researchers for an even longer period. Continued research has repeatedly confirmed the safety, effectiveness and efficiency of community water fluoridation in preventing dental caries for the world's population.
Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2009 Sep;10(3):141-8.
Water fluoridation.
Parnell C, Whelton H, O'Mullane D.
C Parnell, Oral Health Services Research Centre, University Dental School, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.Email: [email protected].

AIM: This was to present a summary of the evidence from systematic reviews of the effectiveness and safety of water fluoridation. METHODS: A search for relevant systematic reviews was conducted using the terms Fluoridation [Mesh] OR "water fluoridation" OR fluoridation OR (water AND fluoride) and was run from 01/01/2000 to 17/10/2008 in Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects in the Cochrane Library. The quality of the systematic reviews was assessed using Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) methodology checklists for systematic reviews. Websites of guideline organisations were also searched for relevant evidence-based guidelines, which were appraised using the AGREE instrument. RESULTS: Of the 59 publications identified, 3 systematic reviews and 3 guidelines were included in this review. While the reviews themselves were of good methodological quality, the studies included in the reviews were generally of moderate to low quality. The results of the three reviews showed that water fluoridation is effective at reducing caries in children and adults. With the exception of dental fluorosis, no association between adverse effects and water fluoridation has been established. Water fluoridation reduces caries for all social classes, and there is some evidence that it may reduce the oral health gap between social classes. CONCLUSION: Water fluoridation, where technically feasible and culturally acceptable, remains a relevant and valid choice as a population measure for the prevention of dental caries.
BMJ. 2000 Oct 7;321(7265):855-9.
Systematic review of water fluoridation.
McDonagh MS, Whiting PF, Wilson PM, Sutton AJ, Chestnutt I, Cooper J, Misso K, Bradley M, Treasure E, Kleijnen J.
NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York YO10 5DD.


OBJECTIVE: To review the safety and efficacy of fluoridation of drinking water. DESIGN: Search of 25 electronic databases and world wide web. Relevant journals hand searched; further information requested from authors. Inclusion criteria were a predefined hierarchy of evidence and objectives. Study validity was assessed with checklists. Two reviewers independently screened sources, extracted data, and assessed validity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Decayed, missing, and filled primary/permanent teeth. Proportion of children without caries. Measure of effect was the difference in change in prevalence of caries from baseline to final examination in fluoridated compared with control areas. For potential adverse effects, all outcomes reported were used. RESULTS: 214 studies were included. The quality of studies was low to moderate. Water fluoridation was associated with an increased proportion of children without caries and a reduction in the number of teeth affected by caries. The range (median) of mean differences in the proportion of children without caries was -5.0% to 64% (14.6%). The range (median) of mean change in decayed, missing, and filled primary/permanent teeth was 0.5 to 4.4 (2.25) teeth. A dose-dependent increase in dental fluorosis was found. At a fluoride level of 1 ppm an estimated 12.5% (95% confidence interval 7.0% to 21.5%) of exposed people would have fluorosis that they would find aesthetically concerning. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence of a beneficial reduction in caries should be considered together with the increased prevalence of dental fluorosis. There was no clear evidence of other potential adverse effects.

PMID: 11021861
 
And here's some comments by people who has looked into these studies, plus more and have a better knowledge on the subject:

Taken from "Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review by Committee of fluoride in drinking water and National Research Council..

FLUORIDE’S EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN:

“On the basis of information largely derived from histological, chemical, and molecular studies, it is apparent that fluorides have the ability to interfere with the functions of the brain and the body by direct and indirect means.” p187

“A few epidemiologic studies of Chinese populations have reported IQ deficits in children exposed to fluoride at 2.5 to 4 mg/L in drinking water. Although the studies lacked sufficient detail for the committee to fully assess their quality and relevance to U.S. populations, the consistency of the results appears significant enough to warrant additional research on the effects of fluoride on intelligence.” p6

“histopathological changes similar to those traditionally associated with Alzheimer’s disease in people have been seen in rats chronically exposed to AlF.” p178

“Fluorides also increase the production of free radicals in the brain through several different biological pathways. These changes have a bearing on the possibility that fluorides act to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.” p186

“More research is needed to clarify fluoride’s biochemical effects on the brain.” p186

“The possibility has been raised by the studies conducted in China that fluoride can lower intellectual abilities. Thus, studies of populations exposed to different concentrations of fluoride in drinking water should include measurements of reasoning ability, problem solving, IQ, and short- and long-term memory.” p187

“Studies of populations exposed to different concentrations of fluoride should be undertaken to evaluate neurochemical changes that may be associated with dementia. Consideration should be given to assessing effects from chronic exposure, effects that might be delayed or occur late-in-life, and individual susceptibility.” p187

FLUORIDE’S EFFECTS ON THE THYROID:

“several lines of information indicate an effect of fluoride exposure on thyroid function.” p197

“it is difficult to predict exactly what effects on thyroid function are likely at what concentration of fluoride exposure and under what circumstances.” p197

“Fluoride exposure in humans is associated with elevated TSH concentrations, increased goiter prevalence, and altered T4 and T3 concentrations; similar effects on T4 and T3 are reported in experimental animals..” p218

“In humans, effects on thyroid function were associated with fluoride exposures of 0.05-0.13 mg/kg/day when iodine intake was adequate and 0.01-0.03 mg/kg/day when iodine intake was inadequate.” p218

“The recent decline in iodine intake in the United States (CDC 2002d; Larsen et al. 2002) could contribute to increased toxicity of fluoride for some individuals.” p218

“Intake of nutrients such as calcium and iodine often is not reported in studies of fluoride effects. The effects of fluoride on thyroid function, for instance, might depend on whether iodine intake is low, adequate, or high, or whether dietary selenium is adequate.” p222

FLUORIDE’S EFFECTS ON INSULIN SECRETION/DIABETES:

“The conclusion from the available studies is that sufficient fluoride exposure appears to bring about increases in blood glucose or impaired glucose tolerance in some individuals and to increase the severity of some types of diabetes. In general, impaired glucose metabolism appears to be associated with serum or plasma fluoride concentrations of about 0.1 mg/L or greater in both animals and humans. In addition, diabetic individuals will often have higher than normal water intake, and consequently, will have higher than normal fluoride intake for a given concentration of fluoride in drinking water. An estimated 16-20 million people in the U.S. have diabetes mellitus; therefore, any role of fluoride exposure in the development of impaired glucose metabolism or diabetes is potentially significant.” p. 217

FLUORIDE & CANCER:

“Fluoride appears to have the potential to initiate or promote cancers, particularly of the bone, but the evidence to date is tentative and mixed (Tables 10-4 and 10-5). As noted above, osteosarcoma is of particular concern as a potential effect of fluoride because of (1) fluoride deposition in bone, (2) the mitogenic effect of fluoride on bone cells, (3) animal results described above, and (4) pre-1993 publication of some positive, as well as negative, epidemiologic reports on associations of fluoride exposure with osteosarcoma risk.“ p. 286

“Because fluoride stimulates osteoblast proliferation, there is a theoretical risk that it might induce a malignant change in the expanding cell population. This has raised concerns that fluoride exposure might be an independent risk factor for new osteosarcomas.” p109

“Osteosarcoma presents the greatest a priori plausibility as a potential cancer target site because of fluoride’s deposition in bone, the NTP animal study findings of borderline increased osteosarcomas in male rats, and the known mitogenic effect of fluoride on bone cells in culture (see Chapter 5). Principles of cell biology indicate that stimuli for rapid cell division increase the risks for some of the dividing cells to become malignant, either by inducing random transforming events or by unmasking malignant cells that previously were in nondividing states.” p275

“Further research on a possible effect of fluoride on bladder cancer risk should be conducted.” p288
 
I didn't ask to be forcefully medicated, therefore i shouldn't be being forcefully medicated.

That really is the crux of the matter. whether or not fluoride is harmful or not is irrelevant it is the deliberate dosing of the public water supply that is distasteful and unethical.
What people choose to ingest is up to them and not some, however well meaning, government official or scientific panel.

The other thing the thread highlights is the failings with howscientific knowledge is used and distributed. Institutionalised science has failed mankind miserably time and time again by suppressing dissenting opinion and allowing itself to be bought off, be it on vaccine safety or global warming or any of many issues. Without freedom of discussion and challenging of the status quo science ceases to be science.
it is sad how scientific data is used or abused dumbed down and digested for public consumption. The argument goes that the general public couldn't understand the science, which is elitist bullshit, of course they could, but if that happened then some of the elite scientists would lose their power. For many centuries the Church had the bible in latin mainly to stop the peasants from reading it and preserve the power of the clerical elite Science is making the same mistake. Scientists and our education systems need to enable the public understanding of what science is really about and enable everyone to form their own opinions based on the evidence. Medicine is the same, remove the complex jargon, the latin, remove the green glasses and suddenly the emperor really has no clothes, it has been noted that when doctors go on strike the death rate falls. Science and medicine likes to present itself as infallible I think that there would be a lot more respect if we would accept that mistakes can and will be made but that we try as hard as possible to avoid mistakes.

I believe in science as a logical way of looking at the world, but I do not believe in the self serving structures the scientific establishment has built. The danger as we head into the new dark ages is that the good that the scientific method and approach can offer will be lost, destroyed by the very people supposed to protect the ideals.
 
That really is the crux of the matter. whether or not fluoride is harmful or not is irrelevant it is the deliberate dosing of the public water supply that is distasteful and unethical.
What people choose to ingest is up to them and not some, however well meaning, government official or scientific panel.

For the most part agreed on this point. ("most" being the ethical aspect. Thankfully ethics are not statistically significant;)) And that is what has been so hilarious about this thread....it seems in essence it is an ethical argument that is being confusedly fought with the "tools" of "science". And hence it spilling into 6 inflamed pages. The scientific argument is pretty cut and dry....but those pesky ethics....

So, in response to your post above, look at the history of salt and Iodine. Not too different of a situation some may argue.... a bit more extreme of circusmstances, sure (nobody is arguing that fluoride is an essential element, etc) but the ethical argument remain the same, no? (I almost stated here that people have a hard time arguing with this one, but then realized I've never searched for such...I'm sure there are plenty of anti-iodine conspiracy theorists now that I think about it)

Cheers
 
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...care to point out what strikes you as particularly 'ackeward?'

Or are you just back from Murph's ruined butthurt thread to douche it up again?

grow up- ADD shouldn't be a place where people bitch and moan at each other.
 
And here's some comments by people who has looked into these studies, plus more and have a better knowledge on the subject:

In other words: Argument from authority.

Taken from "Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review by Committee of fluoride in drinking water and National Research Council..

Yawn. You are again repeating the same arguments over and over again. We have already established that current scientifical consensus does not support the notion of fluoride causing cancer or low IQ - on recommended dosage levels.

Let me then also repeat something I have posted before:

The antifluoridationists' ("antis") basic technique is the big lie. Made infamous by Hitler, it is simple to use, yet surprisingly effective. It consists of claiming that fluoridation causes cancer, heart and kidney disease, and other serious ailments that people fear. The fact that there is no supporting evidence for such claims does not matter. The trick is to keep repeating them—because if something is said often enough, people tend to think there must be some truth to it.

vecktor said:
whether or not fluoride is harmful or not is irrelevant it is the deliberate dosing of the public water supply that is distasteful and unethical.

With all respect, I find that a sort of overly simplistic argument. Chlorine is also added in tap water, yet no one objects to that. But the thing is, adding fluoride is actually just mimicking a natural phenomenon: fluoride is found in drinking water naturally, in various concentrations - sometimes water refineries have to remove natural fluoride from the drinking water when the concentration is too high.

So, for example... if we were to assume that a certain source of water has, say, a 5 ppm of natural fluoride content, and the water refinery reduces it to a level of 1 ppm, is this also "unethical"? Should they remove all of the fluoride just to be considered ethical, even if this is less beneficial to the people? And by extension, if it is ok to have natural fluoride in your water, and it is found beneficial to have such, then why should this benefit be denied from those who happen to live in an area with less of a natural fluoride content?

And what if a clear majority of a certain city or county votes that they want fluoride in their tap water? If the majority of residents wants the fluoride in, can the addition of fluoride in that particular city/county then be considered "medicating without consent"? I think not.

Things aren't always black and white. While I admit that the ethical concerns of adding fluoride is a valid point of view, I think the issue is a bit more complicated than just saying it's absolutely wrong/unethical...

Science and medicine likes to present itself as infallible I think that there would be a lot more respect if we would accept that mistakes can and will be made but that we try as hard as possible to avoid mistakes.

I've never claimed science to be infallible. The problem as I see it is that many people are twisting science for their own gains. It's hard for joe everyman to decipher exactly what "science" is saying, when there's so many people with their own agenda who take science and twist it into supporting their agenda: for example, religious fundamentalists trying to deny evolution and lots of other science because it doesn't fit their presupposed dogma, pseudoscientific snake-oil peddlers and homeopaths who deliberately spread misinformation to fatten their own pockets... and yes, some actual scientists also stoop to this - big pharmacological companies faking and twisting test results to benefit their sales.

Pseudoscience can be dangerous: for example when people who are lured into alternative medicine with false promises get seriously ill and refuse conventional medicine in favor of their favorite pseudoscience, the results can be unfortunate - and have been, numerous times. If you get leukemia and try to cure it with vitamins and prayer, you will very probably die, and at that point it's not science that is at fault, it's the immoral people who spread misinformation.
 
Yawn. You are again repeating the same arguments over and over again. We have already established that current scientifical consensus does not support the notion of fluoride causing cancer or low IQ - on recommended dosage levels.

Really? I've seen no such studies proving it's not a health risk. In fact, i see alot of scientific mind within the field coming foward and saying more research needs to be done. tbh.. it'd be pretty damn hard to prove fluoride in water at 1ppm has no health impications when there are so many other factors in todays world that could contribute to any findings.

There is pretty strong evidence, however, that in dosages higher than 1ppm that it can be pretty bad for people.

Are you denying that it is bad for extremely young babies? Are you denying that there is not a hightened risk for people with liver / kidney problems?

And no i'm not believing it because it has been stated by an authorative figure.. it's because, from what i can see, they have put in alot of time and research to come up with a multi-hundred page report.. obviously alot more than either me or you have done. I've also noticed that alot of health / environment / whatever groups (EPA for example) are mostly all opposed to fluoridating water.

Is even a very small risk of these health implications worth the health benefits it (may or may not) has.. You was right that the studies didn't take into account other things such as more common use of fluoridated tooth paste.. true.. so if fluoridated tooth paste has the same beneficial impact on dental health in an area as fluoridated water.. why not leave it at that?

And what if a clear majority of a certain city or county votes that they want fluoride in their tap water? If the majority of residents wants the fluoride in, can the addition of fluoride in that particular city/county then be considered "medicating without consent"? I think not.

No, well, maybe. That'd be a bit more along the lines of democracy sure. But has any such vote taken place?
 
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With all respect, I find that a sort of overly simplistic argument. Chlorine is also added in tap water, yet no one objects to that. But the thing is, adding fluoride is actually just mimicking a natural phenomenon: fluoride is found in drinking water naturally, in various concentrations - sometimes water refineries have to remove natural fluoride from the drinking water when the concentration is too high.
And what if a clear majority of a certain city or county votes that they want fluoride in their tap water? If the majority of residents wants the fluoride in, can the addition of fluoride in that particular city/county then be considered "medicating without consent"? I think not.

Things aren't always black and white. While I admit that the ethical concerns of adding fluoride is a valid point of view, I think the issue is a bit more complicated than just saying it's absolutely wrong/unethical...

Democracy does not override ethics. If a majority of the residents in a city wanted fluoride then there would still be a minority who do not and they should be free not to have to ingest additional fluoride. Yes, if a city adds fluoride they are medicating at least some of their consumers without consent which is black and white unethical.
Similar arguments could be made based on adding lithium to tap water based on epidemiological data showing reduced suicide rates and a host of other elements acting as micro nutrients.
It is still ethically wrong to deliberately tamper in this way with an essential resource no matter how well meaning the intent.

Comparing chlorine to fluoride is fallacious:
not having fluoride in tap water does no harm, having low levels of fluoride in tap water also 'probably' does no harm, not having chlorination does severe harm, having chlorination does very limited harm, so in the latter case one has a clear and obvious benefit. In the former case the benefits are not clear and therefore the correct approach is not to do it.
If people want fluoride then they can use fluoridated toothpaste, we have informed consent and no ethical issues.

This brings us on to another issue and another huge potential minefield, whether it is right to override individual rights for the 'greater good'. Is it ethical to require compulsory vaccination, the de facto situation in some countries? the arguable benefits are clear but it is deeply unethical because it violates the concept of consent and therefore wrong.

the hippocratic oath has something to say about this,
Except for the prudent correction of an imminent danger, I will neither treat any patient nor carry out any research on any human being without the valid informed consent of the subject or the appropriate legal protector thereof, understanding that research must have as its purpose the furtherance of the health of that individual

it is pretty easy to argue that a pro fluoridation physician has breached the oath.
 
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Democracy does not override ethics. If a majority of the residents in a city wanted fluoride then there would still be a minority who do not and they should be free not to have to ingest additional fluoride. Yes, if a city adds fluoride they are medicating at least some of their consumers without consent which is black and white unethical.
I would think consumers are giving consent when they purchase fluoridated water. Yes, it should certainly be disclosed, and it is. That people choose not to collect rainwater for drinking would indicate to me they are more interested in having an ax to grind than what is in their water.
 
Really? I've seen no such studies proving it's not a health risk. In fact, i see alot of scientific mind within the field coming foward and saying more research needs to be done.

The studies have been posted. Read them.

tbh.. it'd be pretty damn hard to prove fluoride in water at 1ppm has no health impications when there are so many other factors in todays world that could contribute to any findings.

There is pretty strong evidence, however, that in dosages higher than 1ppm that it can be pretty bad for people.

We've been over this.

The key is dosage. If you take any substance, you can find a dosage where it becomes harmful - even water or oxygen. So if fluoridation is used in 0,5-1 ppm dosages, why are you even arguing that it is harmful at larger than 1 ppm dosages?

Are you denying that it is bad for extremely young babies? Are you denying that there is not a hightened risk for people with liver / kidney problems?

I'm not denying anything if I see sufficient evidence. You however seem to be ignoring each and every study I post... why is that?

And no i'm not believing it because it has been stated by an authorative figure.. it's because, from what i can see, they have put in alot of time and research to come up with a multi-hundred page report.. obviously alot more than either me or you have done. I've also noticed that alot of health / environment / whatever groups (EPA for example) are mostly all opposed to fluoridating water.

In other words, argument from authority. I can find "a lot of whatever groups" that are 100% sure that evolution is just a big conspiracy. And I can tell you that these people have put in a lot of time and "research" to twist science to fit their twisted worldview. Does this make a valid case against evolution?


Is even a very small risk of these health implications worth the health benefits it (may or may not) has..

The only currently known risk is dental/bone fluorosis which is very small with proper dosages, and even it has mostly aesthetic effects, so what's the big deal?

You was right that the studies didn't take into account other things such as more common use of fluoridated tooth paste.. true.. so if fluoridated tooth paste has the same beneficial impact on dental health in an area as fluoridated water.. why not leave it at that?

Because studies indicate that fluoridation of water has clear health benefits.

No, well, maybe. That'd be a bit more along the lines of democracy sure. But has any such vote taken place?

In fact, yes. The public opinion has been polled in many places, and in many places there is a clear majority that is in favor of fluoridation.

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vecktor said:
Democracy does not override ethics. If a majority of the residents in a city wanted fluoride then there would still be a minority who do not and they should be free not to have to ingest additional fluoride.

So, if a small fringe group is against fluoridation, we should all cater to their wants, even if the overwhelming majority wishes to enjoy the health benefits of fluoridation? I don't see the logic. If the minority opposes fluoridated water, then that minority can just as well not use tap water for drinking and get their water elsewhere.

Similar arguments could be made based on adding lithium to tap water based on epidemiological data showing reduced suicide rates and a host of other elements acting as micro nutrients.

Funny. Here you compare fluoridation to adding lithium to tap water...

Comparing chlorine to fluoride is fallacious:

...yet here you say I can't compare fluoridation to adding chlorine.

not having fluoride in tap water does no harm, having low levels of fluoride in tap water also 'probably' does no harm, not having chlorination does severe harm, having chlorination does very limited harm, so in the latter case one has a clear and obvious benefit. In the former case the benefits are not clear and therefore the correct approach is not to do it.

There are a lot of studies that show benefits in water fluoridation. Fluoridation is preventing caries and dental cavities, chlorination is preventing bacteria... what's the diff?

See for example http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20873281

I could even posit that one could consider the lost benefits with cessation of fluoridation as "harm" just as one could consider the harm that comes with cessation of chlorination.

the hippocratic oath has something to say about this, ... it is pretty easy to argue that a pro fluoridation physician has breached the oath.

How would you argue that?
 
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So, if a small fringe group is against fluoridation, we should all cater to their wants, even if the overwhelming majority wishes to enjoy the health benefits of fluoridation? I don't see the logic. If the minority opposes fluoridated water, then that minority can just as well not use tap water for drinking and get their water elsewhere.
access to clean safe drinking water is a fundamental human right.
so yes that minority has a right and that right is just as valid as the majority.

Funny. Here you compare fluoridation to adding lithium to tap water...

...yet here you say I can't compare fluoridation to adding chlorine.
perhaps you should learn the meaning of the word fallacious before getting smart. :|

There are a lot of studies that show benefits in water fluoridation. Fluoridation is preventing caries and dental cavities, chlorination is preventing bacteria... what's the diff?

See for example http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20873281

I could even posit that one could consider the lost benefits with cessation of fluoridation as "harm" just as one could consider the harm that comes with cessation of chlorination.
what!!! death, cholera, typhoid versus a limited reduction in tooth decay.

Once again people can choose toothpaste with fluoride, because it doesn't matter how much fluoride is in the water with a western diet but without using toothpaste you will get tooth decay

this debate is now getting interesting.

my earlier post had an extract directly from a translation of the modern hippocratic oath, which has the following import line

I will neither treat any patient nor carry out any research on any human being without the valid informed consent of the subject or the appropriate legal protector thereof, understanding that research must have as its purpose the furtherance of the health of that individual

all doctors are bound by this oath and all their actions must comply otherwise they are struck off. it is a fact that the has not been valid informed consent by all those receiving fluoride in the form of fluoridated water, this is in direct breach of the oath because there is clearly no imminent danger. Implied consent doesn't work with medical ethics it has to be explicit.
 
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grow up- ADD shouldn't be a place where people bitch and moan at each other.

I find it cute that you doggedly persist in fulfilling your incessant need to admonish my supposedly deficient level of maturity amidst exchanges that 1) In some way concern me; 2) In no way concern you; and 3) Involve petty disputes in which I'm never the first aggressor and am simply responding in kind to others' unwarranted faggotry. Perhaps you should try extending your sincerest critiques to Navarone, whose jeering, drink-sodden ejaculations provoked the quoted response in the first place? Oh but nonono, that would be unfair to your silly little A.D.D. butthurt clique of in-group fuckwits, wouldn't it?

Again comes to mind the witty aphorism to mind your own fucking business and find a new outlet for your preachy flouting. Thank you for your input. Now kindly fuck off, Hoe.

Really? I've seen no such studies proving it's not a health risk

Oh dear. You must realize that you're clutching at pretty feeble straws here. It can hardly be considered Dread's - and, of course, the non-quack medical establishments' - responsibility to procure negative evidence on your fringe behalf for the sole purpose of investigating a hypothesis inconsistent with both the current scientific consensus and all available evidence. So just to put your stance in perspective, with all qualms of efficacy aside: unless the unholy biomedical/dental/governmental trinity conduct multiple rigorously controlled multicenter, extremely costly, lifetime-spanning longitudinal studies investigating the safety and merit of the carefully measured addition of minute quantities of naturally-occurring elemental fluorine derivatives to the municipal water supply that doesn't already contain it (which is assuredly the case with many "natural" water sources), you will continue to be strung along by the far less substantiated claims of quack doctors and their tedious 'whistle-blowing' hysteria? The bluepill analogy doesn't even come close to describing such slavish intellectual deference to your trite, self-affirming conspiratorial ideologies.

Democracy does not override ethics

While I may be in tentative agreement, you must realize the politically and philosophically loaded assumption that this premise entails, especially for those partial to common rule by the collective vote. Further, to invoke the term 'ethics' in this case is rather vacuous unless adequately qualified, as the formal ethical discipline is hardly free of internal disagreement and controversy - to the contrary, it's fraught with contention. But you do go on to mention the thought-provoking question of the moral import of directly benefiting another in the absence of their fully-informed consent. While being distally related to the topic at hand, this says nothing directly about the issue of state-sponsored fortification of food and water municipalities - of which the public is fully aware and generally accepts. By invoking 'ethics' and arguable hypotheticals, you're conflating issues by overlapping concerns of safety and efficacy with the palpable reality of the pertinent circumstances, illustrated thusly:

But has any such vote taken place?

I live in a state. It is a democratic republic. I am bound by the laws of my state's constitution and my local/federal publicly elected representatives. If the officials appointed and overseen by my publicly elected representatives (or the elected representatives themselves) see it fit to act within their power to [insert verb], I may very well get to sit around and bitch on my soapbox because the [insert decision] wasn't in accordance with my opinions and/or worldview, but none of that bears any relevance to whether or not the decision was necessarily ethical.

Such was the case with fluoridation, though I believe that this decision was made exclusively on the federal level. So no, Rickola, no en masse public 'vote' took place per se, but this doesn't in any way invalidate Dread's point, as the 'vote' (in the U.S., at least) was essentially an indirect one, and the decision was authorized by democratic proxy, as per the accepted sentiment of the modern republic. Conversely, this does nothing to morally condone municipal fluoridation morally nor ethically. I believe Vecktor did eventually go on to qualify his adage regarding ethics and democracy by invoking the Hippocratic Oath, which I think is pretty irrelevant here, as I understand that the Oath does not strictly pertain to prophylactic measures officiated by democratic governments, but rather to individual physicians, and thus isn't directly pertinent.

Also, Vecktor, don't you think it's more than a little hyperbolic (and hypocritical) to claim in one breath that fluoridation could be comparable to supplemental lithium, whilst in the other dismissing Dread's chlorine analogy as moot?

not having fluoride in tap water does no harm

not having chlorination does severe harm

No. You can't dismiss the entire discussion in two sentences. If fluoride was indeed efficacious for preventing cavities that would otherwise occur in its absence, its removal would clearly be harmful. And by your own analogy, I could just as easily contend that if one wished to have clean water, they could simply add their own chlorine, eschewing the necessity of 'forcibly medicating' the general population (or whatever) with minute concentrations of an effective antiseptic.
 
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access to clean safe drinking water is a fundamental human right.
so yes that minority has a right and that right is just as valid as the majority.

So... Which part of "clean and safe" does fluoridated water fail to fulfill?

perhaps you should learn the meaning of the word fallacious before getting smart. :|

I know the meaning of fallacious. Do you? :eek:

what!!! death, cholera, typhoid versus a limited reduction in tooth decay.

Reduction of tooth decay is a clear benefit, is it not?

Once again people can choose toothpaste with fluoride, because it doesn't matter how much fluoride is in the water with a western diet but without using toothpaste you will get tooth decay

Well, some studies seem to indicate that even with fluoridated toothpaste, fluoridated water still carries benefits. I guess it depends on the circumstances. In my country, there's extensive free dental care for all children provided by the government. In this case, I suppose fluoridation is not strictly necessary. But the benefits are much more clearly realized in countries where dental care is sub-par; such as USA and other 3rd world countries *jab* ;)

this debate is now getting interesting.

Agreed. Like I said in the beginning, I don't deny that ethical considerations of fluoridation are a valid point. I just feel there are other factors to consider.

all doctors are bound by this oath and all their actions must comply otherwise they are struck off. it is a fact that the has not been valid informed consent by all those receiving fluoride in the form of fluoridated water, this is in direct breach of the oath because there is clearly no imminent danger. Implied consent doesn't work with medical ethics it has to be explicit.

So, are the doctors really the ones responsible for fluoridation, and if so, how? I would rather think that the officials and/or politicians who decide to fluoridate water or not carry the burden of responsibility here, rather than doctors.
 
This brings us on to another issue and another huge potential minefield, whether it is right to override individual rights for the 'greater good'. Is it ethical to require compulsory vaccination, the de facto situation in some countries? the arguable benefits are clear but it is deeply unethical because it violates the concept of consent and therefore wrong.

Let's take the subject of compulsory vaccination: there are people who are unable to take certain vaccinations due to allergies or other similar reasons. These people depend largely on the collective protection rendered by having a vaccinated population around them (I forget the exact term for it...) so in this case, giving individuals the right to opt out from vaccinations can have directly harmful consequences to certain other individuals. How is that fair?

edit: I had to cut this post short. Every time I try to post the whole post, the board responds with "bad request" error. Is there some sort of filter that doesn't allow certain words or combinations of words to be posted? I don't see what else could explain that the board doesn't allow me to enter a certain sentence in this post.
 
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what!!! death, cholera, typhoid versus a limited reduction in tooth decay.

That's an issue of relative magnitude, which is in this case a flaming red herring. You argued from a general principle, not a specific case. Thus, you don't get to scoff at and ignore an argument that extends your proposed principle to another, closely-related domain.

Once again people can choose toothpaste with fluoride, because it doesn't matter how much fluoride is in the water with a western diet but without using toothpaste you will get tooth decay

What about those that haven't been duly educated about the value of dental health and the maintenance thereof?; and what of those who don't happen to use (or even have access to) toothpaste, soft-bristled brushes, and floss? Not everyone is as well-off and intelligent as yourself.

And again, the entirely separate issue of public policy can't be conflated with its ethical merit. If 51% of the population decides that they'd just love to have the guvmints drop a kilo of tetrodotoxin into their water, medical ethical issues are completely irrelevant. It would be an issue of the net benefit of a collective action, not one of an ancient Greek practitioner's oath.
 
Let's take the subject of compulsory vaccination: there are people who are unable to take certain vaccinations due to allergies or other similar reasons. These people depend largely on the collective protection rendered by having a vaccinated population around them (I forget the exact term for it...) so in this case, giving individuals the right to opt out from vaccinations can have directly harmful consequences to certain other individuals. How is that fair?

its called herd immunity.
fair has nothing to do with it the world is not fair. the question is whether it is right?


how far are you willing to go down this line?

I propose that all cystic fibrosis gene carriers are sterilized, within a generation cystic fibrosis will be gone once and for all?

is this acceptable?

how about defective drug using people, if they were killed it would be better for the non drug using majority?

how about disabled people their very existance imposes a cost on the rest of society, and the majority would be better off if they were gased.

what about Jews? they are a minority whose interests don't necessarily coincide with the rest of a country surely it would benefit the majority to get rid of the Jews so making the country more homogeneous?

This is the reason why his line of reasoning is very dangerous and should be stamped out.

There is one place where no one else has jurisdiction and its borders are your skin.

With ethics and philosopher I am more towards individualism rather than utilitarianism. The collective good mantra is usually bullshit trotted out by people who are busy fucking over the majority in a different way. There will always be a conflict between the rights of the individual and the rights of others but it is very easy to go too far in favor of the rights of Society (whatever that may be) or worse the State (generally code for the ruling elite).
 
What about those that haven't been duly educated about the value of dental health and the maintenance thereof?; and what of those who don't happen to use (or even have access to) toothpaste, soft-bristled brushes, and floss? Not everyone is as well-off and intelligent as yourself.

....and the corollary, is it solely the privilege of the rich not to have to ingest fluoride if they choose?
 
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