A. noncyclic alkyl substituents: Replacement of the piperidine ring in PCP by other alkyl groups can lead to many active compounds. Removal of all N-alkyl substituents gives a compound about 1/2 as potent as PCP (1-phenylcyclohexylamine, PCA). Small alkyl substituents such as methyl and ethyl give compounds with increased potency relative to PCA. An N-methyl group gives a compound with about the same order of potency as PCP (possibly slightly lower). Lengthening the alkyl chain from methyl to ethyl increases the potency, and PCE is more active than PCP.
Further increasing the chain length to n-propyl or n-butyl leads to a decrease in potency, although the n-propyl compound is still of similar potency to PCP.
There is some evidence that smaller mono N-alkyl substituents such as methyl or ethyl lead to compounds with increased tendency to produce nausea. Additionally, the freebase of these analogs has a very unpleasant caustic taste when vaporized and inhaled, in contrast to the reportedly pleasant menthol flavor of PCP base. Formation of the HCl salts increases the palatability somewhat, although with PCE, there is still a distinctly unpleasant flavor (ref 14).
The N-ethyl derivative of PCP (PCE, evaluated for anesthetic potential as CI-400 by Parke Davis Co.) began to be seen in clandestine labs in the US in 1970, following which it was legally scheduled. Another similar analog that has appeared on the illicit market in the US is the N-propyl homolog (PCPr), which has not been scheduled. The compound with an N-isopropyl substituent appears to have similar potency to PCP, but the N,N-dimethyl derivative may be only 1/2 the potency of PCP. The N,N-diethyl compound has more active in animal models than the dimethyl analog, but still less than PCP.
An oxygen atom can be incorporated into the alkyl chain of the amino substituent to give a compound that retains activity. For instance, both the N-(2-methoxy-ethyl) and N-(3-methoxy-propyl) analogs are active in animal models (ref 11). The N-(2-hydroxy ethyl) analog has also been found on the street, and is presumably active.