Erythrina mulungu - ingredients and uses.

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Use in the calming of nerve-related restlessness and thus provides a stable and restful sleep.

Erythrina mulungu - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

only one plant principle on wikipedia:

Erythravine - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

and this is the only part what from rätsch comes:

Erythrina mulungu MART. - Mulungu
Die Rinde dieser brasilianischen Art wurde früher in Form galenischer Präparate medizinisch als Betäubungsmittel verwendet. Sie »enthält ein dem Opium ähnlich wirkendes Narcoticum« (SCHNEIDER 1974 II: 661.

 

[izo]

tested the 100:1x extract the second time today. Maybe a hunch of effect, if theres any certainly not much (must have been at least 0,4-0,5g of 100:1x extract). from the 6-10 extracts that i must have tried, so far only 2 did have effects maybe 2 more with a hinch of activity. so there might be better possebilities obtaining results whis this plant.

 

[izo]

2003- Antinociceptive Activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extracts from Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu in Mice

This work studied the antinociceptive effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts (HAEs) from Erythrina velutina
(Ev) and Erythrina mulungu (Em) in three experimental models of nociception in mice. The extract was administered
intraperitoneally to female mice at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Inhibitions of abdominal contractions
were observed with the doses of 200 (88.6%; 86.8%) and 400 (95.5%; 83.5%) mg/kg of E. velutina and E. mulungu,
respectively, as compared to controls. E. velutina and E. mulungu, at both doses, reduced the nociception
produced by formalin in the 1st and 2nd phases and this effect was not reversed by the pretreatment with naloxone.
In the hot plate test an increase of the reaction time was observed only at 60 (Ev518.062.2;
Em520.862.52) and 90 min (Ev520.461.71; Em523.762.32) after the treatment with E. velutina and E. mulungu
at the dose of 400 mg/kg as compared to controls (T60511.160.74; T90511.960.86). This effect was not
reversed by naloxone. We conclude that E. velutina and E. mulungu presents antinociceptive effects, which are independent
of the opioid system.

 

[izo]

2004 - Central activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu in mice

In conclusion, we showed that mice acutely treated with
hydroalcoholic extracts of E. velutina and E. mulungu
present depressant effects on locomotor activity, rearing
and grooming, which are dependent upon the doses and
routes of administration. These effects probably were not
due to peripheral neuromuscular blockade, since there
was no alteration in the rota rod test. Also, no anxiolytic
effect was observed after acute treatment with the extract
from either of the species.

 

[izo]

2006 - Anticonvulsant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu

Antinociceptive as well as sedative properties of HAEs prepared
from the stem barks of the species Erythrina velutina and
Erythrina mulungu were already shown in previous works from
our laboratory (Vasconcelos et al., 2003, 2004).
In the present work, Erythrina velutina (i.p. or p.o.) and
Erythrina mulungu (i.p.) extracts were used at two different
doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). In the first test, PTZ-induced seizure
model, there were no significant alterations in the latency of
convulsion and in the time of death, as compared to controls, suggesting
that Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu extracts
do not have a protector effect in the PTZ-induced convulsion
model.
On the other hand, in the strychnine-induced seizure model,
the Erythrina velutina extract administered either i.p.or p.o.
showed a significant increase in the latency of convulsion and
in the death time with both doses. These effects were more
important with the extract of Erythrina velutina than with that of
Erythrina mulungu which demonstrated a protector effect only
when used in the higher dose.
It is known that strychnine directly antagonize the inhibitory
spinal reflexes of glycine (Sayin et al., 1993). Erythrina
velutina and Erythrina mulungu extracts therefore, might cause
seizure suppression by acting on glycine inhibitory mechanisms.
Although the convulsant mechanism of action of PTZ is poorly
understood, it is reported that it is able to inhibit the chloride
conductance by binding to sites of GABAA receptor complex
(Mirsky and Ferrendelli, 1987). The seizure suppression activity
observed with E. velutina and E. mulungu extracts is probably
due to alterations in the glycine inhibitory mechanisms.
In the test of sodium pentobarbital sleeping time Erythrina
velutina and Erythrina mulungu extracts showed an increase
in the sleeping time. Decrease in sleeping latency and increase
in sleeping time are classically related to central nervous system
depressant drugs (Willianson et al., 1996). However, this
test is not specific because compounds that interfere with biotransformation
of pentobarbital by cytochrome P450 complex
can show the same effects as central nervous system depressant
drugs (Goloubkova et al., 1998).
Our results suggest that Erythrina velutina and Erythrina
mulungu extracts have a central nervous system depressant
activity showed through the potentiation of pentobarbitalinduced
sleeping time and through the anticonvulsant action in
strychnine-induced seizure model.

 

[izo]

2007 - Anxiolytic Effects of Erythrinian Alkaloids from Erythrina mulungu

One new erythrinian alkaloid derivative, (+)-11R-hydroxyerythravine (1), and the known (+)-erythravine (2) and (+)-
R-hydroxyerysotrine (3) were isolated from the flowers of Erythrina mulungu. Their structures were determined by
spectroscopic/spectrometric data interpretation of 1H, 13C, and 2D NMR and MS experiments. The relative configuration
was established by NOESY analysis, while the conformation adopted by these molecules was evaluated through molecular
modeling studies and coupling constants obtained by NMR analysis. Furthermore, the anxiolytic effects of the E. mulungu
aqueous alcoholic crude extract and of the purified alkaloids were evaluated using the elevated T-maze test.

 

[izo]

2007 - Effects of Erythrinian Alkaloids Isolated from Erythrina mulungu (Papilionaceae) in Mice Submitted to Animal Models of Anxiety

The effects of acute oral administration of erythrinian alkaloids, i.e. ()-a-hydroxy-erysotrine, erythravine
and ()-11a-hydroxy-erythravine isolated from the flowers of Erythrina mulungu were investigated in two animal
models of anxiety in mice—the light–dark transition model (LDTM) and the elevated plus-maze (EPM). In
the LDTM, erythravine (3, 10 mg/kg) and ()-11a-hydroxy-erythravine (10 mg/kg) increased the time spent by
the animals in the illuminated compartment and ()-11a-hydroxy-erythravine (3 mg/kg) increased the number
of transitions between compartments of the LDTM, suggesting an anxiolytic-like effect of these erythrinian alkaloids.
Nevertheless, the third alkaloid studied, ()-a-hydroxy-erysotrine, did not change any behavioral response
with the range of doses used (3—10 mg/kg). Since the oral administration of the crude extract of E. mulungu
(EM) (100—400 mg/kg) did not modify the conventional measures of anxiety in the EPM, this animal model was
not chosen to evaluate the anxiolytic properties of the isolated alkaloids. These results suggest that the alkaloids
erythravine and ()-11a-hydroxy-erythravine are responsible for the anxiolytic effects of the crude extract of
E. mulungu.

 

[izo]

2010 - Erythrina and Related Alkaloids

IV. PHARMACOLOGY
Following the observation that maize plants growing under the E.
latissima tree were sparsely attacked by the stem borer insect, two new
Erythrina alkaloids were isolated from Erythrina latissima E. Mey.
(Fabaceae), a tropical and subtropical flowering tree, and their
antifeedant activity explored (8). The roots and the stem were known
to contain antimicrobial compounds (9), and the seeds, seedpods, and
flowers contain erythraline alkaloids that are also known to have curarelike
activity (10). The two new Erythrina alkaloids, (þ)-11b-methoxy-10-
oxoerysotramidine (18) and (þ)-10,11-dioxo-erysotramidine (19) were
extracted from the flowers, seeds, and seedpods of E. latissima.
Subsequent studies found that leaves treated with 18 and 19 significantly
reduced the amount of plant material eaten by the caterpillar of the
Spodoptera littoralis moth.
Studies by Bolzani and Nuumes-de-Souza have demonstrated that
the crude erythrinian alkaloids extracted from E. mulungu Mart. ex.
Benth., a medium-branched tree native to Southern Brazil, and also
known as the coral tree, due to its reddish flowers, possessed anxiolyticlike
effects (antianxiety effects) in an elevated T-maze test (11). Two
known erythrinan alkaloids, (þ)-erythravine (21) and (þ)-R-hydroxyerysotrine
22, and the new erythrinan alkaloid (þ)-11R-hydroxyerythravine
(20) impaired the inhibitory avoidance task, with effects similar to
those produced by diazepam, a well-know anxiolytic drug. It was
suspected that the anxiolytic-like effects of the crude extract from
E. mulungu, were due in some part to the effects of 20, 21, and 22.
In work directed toward the discovery of biologically active
compounds derived from tropical medicinal plants, the group of Ohsaki
have explored the cytotoxicity of erythrinan alkaloids isolated from
Erythrina velutina Willd. (12), a plant found in the north of Brazil.
Traditionally, the bark is used for sedation, hypnogenesis, and the control
of convulsions (13). They explored the synergistic activity of eight
erythrinan alkaloids with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosisinducing
ligand (TRAIL). TRAIL selectively induces the apoptosis of a
wide variety of cancer cells without damaging normal cells. Unfortunately,
the clinical application of TRAIL is limited, due to resistance to
the cytotoxicity. It was found that the six alkaloids, 2328, showed
enhanced activity when combined with TRAIL. Of particular note were
8-oxo-erythraline (28), erysotrine (23), and glycoerysodine (26), which
exhibited no cytotoxicity by themselves, but displayed significant
cytotoxicity when combined with TRAIL (12).

 

[izo]

2013 - Erythrina mulungu Alkaloids Are Potent Inhibitors of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Currents in Mammalian Cells

Crude extracts and three isolated alkaloids from Erythrina mulungu plants have shown anxiolytic effects in different animal
models. We investigated whether these alkaloids could affect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and if they are selective for
different central nervous system (CNS) subtypes. Screening experiments were performed using a single concentration of the
alkaloid co-applied with acetylcholine in whole cell patch-clamp recordings in three different cell models: (i) PC12 cells
natively expressing a3* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; (ii) cultured hippocampal neurons natively expressing a7* nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors; and (iii) HEK 293 cells heterologoulsy expressing a4b2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. For all three
receptors, the percent inhibition of acetylcholine-activated currents by (+)-11a´-hydroxyerysotrine was the lowest, whereas
(+)-erythravine and (+)-11a´-hydroxyerythravine inhibited the currents to a greater extent. For the latter two substances, we
obtained concentration-response curves with a pre-application protocol for the a7* and a4b2 nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors. The IC50 obtained with (+)-erythravine and (+)-11a´-hydroxyerythravine were 6 mM and 5 mM for the a7* receptors,
and 13 nM and 4 nM for the a4b2 receptors, respectively. Our data suggest that these Erythrina alkaloids may exert their
behavioral effects through inhibition of CNS nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, particularly the a4b2 subtype.

 

[izo]

from one of the best papers about mulungu:

2018 - An Update of Erythrinan Alkaloids and Their Pharmacological Activities

Erythrinan alkaloids are found predominantly in the genus Erythrina of the
Leguminosae family but are also reported as being present in the genera Cocculus,
Pachygone and Hyperbaena of the family Menispermaceae. Many reviews have
been published on Erythrina and related alkaloids and by examining the literature it
has become clear that a number of these structures have been missed from major
reviews and that some structures needed correction, while a few others have been
reported as new when in fact they have been known for some time. It has also
become obvious that with the new and latest findings, there is a need to re-organize
the existing data into a more user-friendly and easier-to-recognize and easier-toidentify
format. Erythrinan alkaloids also have very similar and confusing names,
which are easier appreciated when these structures are all included in one document.
In this chapter, approximately 40 new structures have been added to those compiled
earlier, bringing the total number of known erythrinan alkaloids to over 150. What is
striking is the fact that in the past 5 years there has been a dramatic increase both in
the number, structural variety, and complexity of erythrinan alkaloids reported. This
structural diversity seem to be more pronounced in the two Erythrina species
E. arborescens (Plate 1) and E. variegata (Plate 10) which, between them, yielded
new polymeric (dimeric and trimeric) erythrinan alkaloids, a first example in one
case where a normal 6,5,6,6-membered indoloisoquinoline spiro-cyclic core has
rearranged to a spiro-fused 6,5,7,6-skeleton. Furthermore, erythrinan alkaloids
with a fifth ring containing a 2H-imidazole functionality were also reported for the
first time, together with some new structures having unusual substitution and substituents
at positions C-3 and C-7 of the erythrinan core.
The predominant pharmacological activity reported for the new and known
erythrinan alkaloids is central nervous system (CNS) related, especially interactions
with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), where they act as reversible
competitive nAChR antagonists. Other significant effects exhibited by these
erythrinan alkaloids are antifeedant and insecticidal activity; cytotoxic and estrogenic
activities; antiprotozoal activity; anti-inflammatory activity; antioxidant activity,
and antifungal and antiviral activities. Although antibacterial activity has been
reported frequently for other non-alkaloidal constituents of Erythrina species such as
flavonoids, the erythrinan alkaloids surprisingly seem to be, by and large, devoid of
this type of activity. The structural determinants for biological activity in general
for the erythrinan alkaloids appear to be: a conjugated diene (?1,2, ?6,7) system, a
C-8 sp3 methylene (as opposed to an 8-oxo group), a non-oxidized N-9 nitrogen
(as opposed to a quaternary nitrogen), 11-oxidation (hydroxylation, methoxylation,
glucosylation), and the nature of ring-D substituents (hydroxylation, or
methoxylation, or methylenedioxy formation at C-15/C-16 or lactonization of ring
D). The 1,2-epoxidation of the conjugated diene system also seems to enhance some
biological activities even when some opposing structural features exist that seemingly
mitigate against these effects. There are, however, one or two examples where
an 8-oxo group has been shown to enhance compound cytotoxicity against a given
cancer cell line and in another case where such activity was enhanced by the
presence of an N-oxide group. It has been observed also that the recently described
polymeric erythrinan alkaloids are generally devoid of activity (e.g. no perceived
cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines), with two of these seven
compounds showing moderate insecticidal activity, and another showing weak to
moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
Following two excellent previous reviews detailing the synthesis of erythrinan
alkaloids that were published several years ago [12, 25], more recently useful
methods have continued to be developed for the stereoselective chemical synthesis
of these compounds. The availability of such methodogy will enhance the amounts
of the erythrinan alkaloids available for future more detailed biological evaluation,
particularly using experimental animals, since these compounds tend to be obtained
only in low quantities from their plants of origin.

 

[izo]

2018 - Anticancer and Reversing Multidrug Resistance Activities of Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloids and their Structure-activity Relationship

Abstract: The severe anticancer situation as well as the emergence of multidrug-resistant
(MDR) cancer cells has created an urgent need for the development of novel anticancer
drugs with different mechanisms of action. A large number of natural alkaloids, such as
paclitaxel, vinblastine and camptothecin have already been successfully developed into
chemotherapy agents. Following the success of these natural products, in this review,
twenty-six types of isoquinoline alkaloids (a total of 379 alkaloids), including benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline,
aporphine, oxoaporphine, isooxoaporphine, dimeric aporphine, bisbenzylisoquinoline,
tetrahydroprotoberberine, protoberberine, protopine, dihydrobenzophenanthridine,
benzophenanthridine, benzophenanthridine dimer, ipecac, simple isoquinoline,
pavine, montanine, erythrina, chelidonine, tropoloisoquinoline, azafluoranthene,
phthalideisoquinoline, naphthylisoquinoline, lycorine, crinane, narciclasine, and phenanthridone,
were summarized based on their cytotoxic and MDR reversing activities against
various cancer cells. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of different types of
isoquinoline alkaloid were also discussed. Interestingly, some aporphine, oxoaporphine,
isooxoaporphine, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and protoberberine alkaloids display more potent
anticancer activities or anti-MDR effects than positive control against the tested cancer
cells and are regarded as attractive targets for discovery new anticancer drugs or lead
compounds.

 

[izo]

also one of the best papers about mulungu:

2018 - Anticancer and Reversing Multidrug Resistance Activities of Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloids and their Structure-activity Relationship

Abstract: The severe anticancer situation as well as the emergence of multidrug-resistant
(MDR) cancer cells has created an urgent need for the development of novel anticancer
drugs with different mechanisms of action. A large number of natural alkaloids, such as
paclitaxel, vinblastine and camptothecin have already been successfully developed into
chemotherapy agents. Following the success of these natural products, in this review,
twenty-six types of isoquinoline alkaloids (a total of 379 alkaloids), including benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline,
aporphine, oxoaporphine, isooxoaporphine, dimeric aporphine, bisbenzylisoquinoline,
tetrahydroprotoberberine, protoberberine, protopine, dihydrobenzophenanthridine,
benzophenanthridine, benzophenanthridine dimer, ipecac, simple isoquinoline,
pavine, montanine, erythrina, chelidonine, tropoloisoquinoline, azafluoranthene,
phthalideisoquinoline, naphthylisoquinoline, lycorine, crinane, narciclasine, and phenanthridone,
were summarized based on their cytotoxic and MDR reversing activities against
various cancer cells. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of different types of
isoquinoline alkaloid were also discussed. Interestingly, some aporphine, oxoaporphine,
isooxoaporphine, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and protoberberine alkaloids display more potent
anticancer activities or anti-MDR effects than positive control against the tested cancer
cells and are regarded as attractive targets for discovery new anticancer drugs or lead
compounds.

 

[izo]

paper copunt:

2003- Antinociceptive Activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extracts from Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu in Mice.pdf
2004 - Central activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu in mice.pdf
2006 - Anticonvulsant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu.pdf
2007 - Anxiolytic Effects of Erythrinian Alkaloids from Erythrina mulungu.pdf
2007 - Effects of Erythrinian Alkaloids Isolated from Erythrina mulungu (Papilionaceae) in Mice Submitted to Animal Models of Anxiety.pdf
2010 - Erythrina and Related Alkaloids.pdf
2013 - Erythrina mulungu Alkaloids Are Potent Inhibitors of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Currents in Mammalian Cells.pdf
2018 - An Update of Erythrinan Alkaloids and Their Pharmacological Activities.pdf
2018 - Anticancer and Reversing Multidrug Resistance Activities of Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloids and their Structure-activity Relationship.pdf
2019 - Alkaloids of genus Erythrina An updated review.pdf
2019 - The genus Erythrina L. A review on its alkaloids, preclinical, and clinical studies.pdf
2020 - Effectiveness and safety of oral sedation in adult patients undergoing dental procedures a systematic review.pdf