i didn’t say what a photon was cos i was mentioning it in passing, but i’ll attempt to explain.
photons are the carriers of the electromagnetic force, which means they transmit electromagnetic energy, a bit like the way water transmits mechanical (i.e. moving) energy. so, they are what hits your eyes as light. they transmit radio waves, gamma rays, and everything in between. and, hopefully obviously, they mediate all electricity and magnetism. you couldn’t be typing on the laptop you’re typing on, or communicating over the internet, if we didn’t have a good understanding of what photons are.
they have no mass. they are pure energy. this means they travel at the speed of light, which nothing with mass can travel at, because of the amount of energy required to accelerate mass to speeds close to the speed of light. it would take infinite energy to accelerate mass to the speed of light. this is unphysical, a good way to know you’ve gone wrong somewhere in your working.
particles travelling at the speed of light behave oddly. if you’re on a train, next to a train going at the same speed, it appears stationary to you. if you travelled on a beam of light next to another beam of light, the other beam of light would still be travelling at the speed of light. no matter how fast you’re moving, light always moves at the same speed. this was the thought experiment that lead einstein to develop the theory of special relativity, which explains that, for light to travel at the same speed regardless of the speed you’re observing it from, space and time actually expand and contract.
photons are quantum mechanical. they have wave and particle behaviour. if you shine light through double slits, it will show bands, an interference pattern, because its like a wave. if you use a source that only emits one photon at a time, so you know its not interfering with other photons, you will still get the interference pattern. if you want to know which slit the light passes through, so put a device to check next to each slit, then boom! no more interference pattern, now it’ll look more like a target that balls have been fired at. so, when you interact with it in a wave like manner, it behaves like a wave, if you interact with it as a particle, it’ll behave like a particle.
photons can be created and destroyed. if one impacts an atom, it will disappear, and an electron on an outer shell of the atom will get some energy. the photon is no more. eventually the electron will lose that energy, and the energy will be released as a new photon. the energy that the electron loses determines the frequency, and hence colour, of the photon. though the concept of colour doesn’t make sense for single photons.
dark matter is dark. it doesn’t interact with light.
as photons are inherently quantum mechanical, they do exist in many universes, until the wave function collapses, and the universes spilt and become causally distinct (incapable of interacting with each other). so, if you had a source that emits two photons together, those photons are entangled. entanglement means they are not really distinct objects, they are two aspects of the same object. but say we want to know something about one of the photons (because even though they're only one system, sometimes we want to know something about a subsystem). say we know that if photon 1 is a, then photon 2 is b. until we measure that thing, the property isn’t actually defined. it doesn’t make sense to say that photon 1 is a until we measure it. because until we measure it, it is both a mixture of a and b. upon measurement, the wave function collapses (the universes split), and from this moment on both photons 1 and 2 have specific properties, not a mixture. this happens instantaneously even if the photons have travelled lightyears apart, because no matter how spatially separated, they were still one system.
the example i gave with photons similar to schrodingers cat, just with two photons not a single cat. the paradox IS understood, it was understood before schrodingers cat was invented, the purpose is to show how weird quantum mechanics is if we try to treat everyday objects in the same way.
BUT photons are just our current interpretation, which we know is wrong. they fit our maths perfectly and our next, refined, view of the universe will have to make the same predictions. its very unlikely that they will survive into a grand unified theory. so in that sense, they don’t exist, because there is a vanishingly small probability that any of our current interpretations of the structure of the universe are correct, that would be too lucky.
i've just reread that and it barely makes any sense because i'm trying not to write an essay but i hope the vague gist. i'm not sure more words would be better anyway, these concepts fit nicely into mathematical representations, but are quite far removed from our everyday experience, and hence what natural language is well suited to explain.
i hope that has answered your questions shady but if you have any more, do feel free to shout and i’ll try my best.