• Psychedelic Medicine

CANCER | +80 articles

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Jennifer Huse beat a cancer diagnosis using Rick Simpson Oil.

Novel therapeutic applications for cannabinoids in cancer treatment

Walter Milano, Mario Tecce, Anna Capasso

The endocannabinoid system, comprising the cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and the proteins that regulate endocannabinoid biosynthesis and degradation, controls several physiological and pathological functions. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that endocannabinoids influence the intracellular events controlling the proliferation and apoptosis of numerous types of cancer cells, thereby leading to both in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects. Also, the endogenous ligand arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide; AEA) inhibits the proliferation of human breast cancer cells by blocking the G0/G1-S-phase transition of the cell cycle through interference with cannabinoid CB1 receptor-coupled signal-transducing events. The present review shows that cannabinoids exert their anti-cancer effects in a number of ways and in a variety of tissues. Furthermore, the novel therapeutic applications of cannabinoids in cancer, described here, strongly support the idea that cannabinoids may induce beneficial effect in cancer treatment.

The endocannabinoid system is an almost ubiquitous signalling system involved in the control of cell fate. Recent studies have investigated the possibility that drugs targeting the endocannabinoid system might be used to retard or block cancer growth. The endocannabinoids have been shown to inhibit the growth of tumour cells in culture and animal models by modulating key cell signalling pathways. In previous studies, we reported that stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors by the metabolically stable endocannabinoid analogue Met-F-AEA inhibits apex ras activity, prevents proliferation of v-K-ras-transformed rat thyroid cells both in vitro and in vivo and is also able to block the growth of already established tumors.

Indeed, our very recent data show that Met-F-AEA significantly inhibits, in tumors as well as in transformed cells, the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, which is down-regulated by p21ras, were instead increased by Met-F-AEA. All these effects were antagonized by the selective CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A. Met-F-AEA inhibited in vitro the growth of a metastasis-derived thyroid cancer cell line more potently than a primary cancer cell line. Met-F-AEA significantly reduced the number and size of metastatic nodes in an animal model of metastatic spreading (formation of lung nodules after inoculation of 3LL cells), in a way antagonized by SR141716A. Therefore, the present review indicated that cannabinoids exert their anti-cancer effects in a number of ways and variety of tissues to:

- Stop cells from dividing
- Prevent new blood vessels from growing into tumors
- Trigger cell death, through a mechanism called apoptosis
- Reduce the chances of cancer cells spreading through the body, by stopping cells from moving or invading neighboring tissue
- Speed up the cell’s internal ‘waste disposal machine’ – a process known as autophagy – which can lead to cell death

The novel therapeutic application of cannabinoids in cancer treatment strongly suggest that cannabinoids may induce beneficial effect in cancer treatment.​

https://www.oatext.com/novel-therapeutic-applications-of-cannabinoids-in-cancer-disease.php
 
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HuaChanSu

Bufo is a group of over 150 species of toads. Nearly all of these species contain a venom in their skin called bufotoxin, a mild psychedelic, and bufotenin, a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Similar in chemical structure to 5-MeO-DMT and DMT, bufotenin is also known as 5-HO-DMT.

HuaChanSu is a traditional Chinese medicine extracted from the skin of the Bufo toad that is believed to slow the spread of cancerous cells. The skin of the Bufo toad secretes a venom which is dried and dissolved in water. This solution, HuaChanSu, is injected into a cancerous area and targets specific cancer cells. HuaChanSu had been used in China as a therapy for cancer for over 1000 years, and has over time spread to other Asian countries. In 1991, HuaChanSu was accepted by China as an official cancer treatment.

The molecules in HuaChanSu include the cardiac glycosides bufalin, cinobufagin, cinobufotalin and resibufogenin. These molecules are effective due to their lipid-soluble characteristic, which helps them remain in the body longer; they slow the growth of cancer cells and induce cell cycle arrest. Specifically, these molecules suppress the protein Bcl-2, a cancer-prone lymphoma protein, and induce cell death upon melanoma cells. HuaChanSu combined with chemotherapy is superior to simple chemotherapy treatment, reducing gastrointestinal side effects and leucocytopenia. Meta-analysis suggests that HuaChanSu is a promising supplement to routine chemotherapy in treating advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Clinical trials held in China have shown between 10% and 16% decrease in lung cancer masses. The toxicity levels of HuaChanSu were also recorded and studied during the various trials. The toad venom was found to have grades 1-2 toxicity levels in the majority of injected areas. No toxicity greater than grade 2 was observed, and the effects subsided within a month.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuaChanSu

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Bufadienolides

Bufadienolide is a chemical compound with steroid structure. Its derivatives are collectively known as bufadienolides. In China, toad venom and toad skin are widely used in the treatment of various forms of cancer. Bufadienolides are regarded as the main anti-cancer components in toad venom and toad skin.

The skin of Bufo toads is known to be rich in bufadienolide compounds (a group of cardiac glycosides) that exhibit antitumor activity. For example, HuaChanSu, the aqueous extracts from the dried toad skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor or Bufo melanostictus Schneider, has been widely used in clinical therapy for various cancers in China. Clinical data have indicated that Cinobufacini injection may have significant anticancer activity with low toxicity and few side effects. Data suggests that treatment with Cinobufacini may also enhance the quality of life for patients with cancer. Bufadienolides such as bufalin, cinobufagin, resibufogenin and telocinobufagin are responsible for the anti-cancer properties of HuaChanSu through disruption of the cell cycle and consequent inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, immunomodulation and reversal of multi-drug resistance. The Australian cane toad (Bufo marinus) is also known as a source of bufadienolides, and therefore also considered as a new source of candidate lead compounds for drug development.

https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.a...0244d100171/1/

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Evaluating Bufadienolides as the main anti-tumor component in HuaChanSu

In China, the practice of using toad venom to treat cancer is known as HuaChanSu. Toad venom and toad skin are widely used for treating various cancers in China. Bufadienolides are regarded as the main anti-cancer components in toad venom and toad skin.

Cinobufacin injection, also known as HuaChanSu, is a preparation of Cinobufacini made from Cinobufacin extract liquid. Despite that Cinobufacin injection is shown to shrink liver and gastric tumors, improving patient survival and life quality, the effective components in Cinobufacin remain elusive. In this study, we screen the antitumor components from Cinobufacin injection to elucidate the most effective antitumor components for treatment of liver and gastric cancers.

Bufadienolides are the most effective components in Cinobufacini injection for the treatment of liver and gastric cancers. This discovery greatly facilitates further research into improving the therapeutic effects of Cinobufacin injection, meanwhile reducing its adverse reaction.

Bufadienolides are the main material basis in Cinobufacin injection for treating gastric and liver cancer. Further research may give birth to one or more drugs for the treatment of liver and gastric cancer. This would also enable studies on elucidating the mechanism of Cinobufacin injection for inhibiting tumor growth.

 
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Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital

Bufadienolides found to induce apoptosis in ESCC cells in vitro and in vivo

Shaohuan Lin, Junhuong Lv, Panli Peng, Changoing Cai, Jianming Deng, Haihong Deng, Xuejun Li, Xinyue Tang

Bufo is a group of over 150 species of toads. Nearly all of these species contain a venom in their skin called bufotoxin, a mild psychedelic, and bufotenin, a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. The skin of Bufo toads is known to be rich in bufadienolide compounds that exhibit antitumor activity. HuaChanSu, the aqueous extracts from the dried toad skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor or Bufo melanostictus Schneider, has been widely used in clinical therapy for various cancers in China.

Bufadienolides are a type of cardiotonic steroids isolated from the skin and parotid venom glands of the toad Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor, and exhibit wide-spectrum anticancer activities. However, the effects and mechanisms of bufadienolides on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells remain unknown. In the present study, the anticancer activities of two bufadienolides, bufotalin and bufalin, were examined in vitro and in vivo.

The results demonstrated that bufotalin and bufalin effectively inhibited the viability of ESCC cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC) values of 0.8-3.6 uM. However, bufotalin and bufalin exhibited lower toxicity towards Het-1A human esophageal squamous cells, indicating their high selectivity towards cancer cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that bufotalin effectively induced ESCC cell apoptosis, as characterized by DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation, which was primarily mediated through activation of caspase family members. In addition, treatment of ESCC cells with bufotalin markedly activated tumor protein p53 phosphorylation.

Transfection of cells with p53 small interfering RNA markedly inhibited bufotalin-induced p53 phosphorylation and significantly inhibited bufotalin‑induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, bufotalin demonstrated in vivo anticancer efficacy in a tumor-bearing nude mice model, where bufotalin effectively inhibited Eca-109 xenograft tumor growth in a time-and-dose-dependent manner, through activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Collectively, the results from the present study suggested that bufadienolides exert anticancer effects against ESCC by regulating the p53 signaling pathway.

To conclude, in the present study, the in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacies of two bufadienolides (bufotalin and bufalin) were examined. The results demonstrated that bufotalin and bufalin effectively suppressed the viability of ESCC cell lines through induction of cell apoptosis occurring through activation of the p53 signaling pathway. In addition, bufotalin demonstrated in vivo anticancer efficacy in a nude mouse model, where bufotalin markedly suppressed tumor growth through activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Collectively, these results illustrated the therapeutic potential of bufadienolides against ESCC by regulating the p53 signaling pathway.​

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774392/
 
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Cambridge

Cannabinoid receptors a novel target for the treatment of prostate cancer

Cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa and their derivatives have received renewed interest in recent years due to their diverse pharmacologic activities such as cell growth inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects and tumor regression. Here we show that expression levels of both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, are significantly higher in CA-human papillomavirus-10 cells. WIN-55,212-2 and time-dependent inhibition of cell growth, blocking of CB1 and CB2 receptors by their antagonists (CB1) and (CB2) significantly prevented this effect. Extending this observation, we found that WIN-55,212-2 treatment with LNCaP resulted in a dose- and time-dependent induction of apoptosis (a), decrease in protein and mRNA expression of androgen receptor (b), decrease in intracellular protein and mRNA expression of prostate-specific antigen (c), decrease in secreted prostate-specific antigen levels (d), and decrease in protein expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen and vascular endothelial growth factor (e). Our results suggest that WIN-55,212-2 or other non–habit-forming cannabinoid receptor agonists could be developed as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Because prostate cancer has become the most common cancer diagnosed in men, developing novel targets and mechanism-based agents for its treatment has become a challenging issue. In recent years cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa and their derivatives have drawn renewed attention because of their diverse pharmacologic activities such as cell growth inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects, and tumor regression. Cannabinoids have been shown to induce apoptosis in gliomas, neuroblastoma, hippocampal neurons in vitro, and most interestingly, regression of C6-cell gliomas in vivo. Further interest in cannabinoid research came from the discovery of specific cannabinoid systems and the cloning of specific cannabinoid receptors. These diversified effects of cannabinoids are now known to be mediated by the activation of specific G protein-coupled receptors that are normally bound by a family of endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids. Two different cannabinoid receptors have been characterized and cloned from mammalian tissues: the “central” CB1 receptor, and the “peripheral” CB2 receptor.

In the present study, we show for the first time that expression levels of both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, are higher in human prostate cancer cells than in normal cells. Importantly, we also show that WIN-55,212-2 (CB1/CB2 agonist) treatment with androgen-responsive LNCaP cells results in a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cell growth with a concomitant induction of apoptosis, decrease in protein and mRNA expression of androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), decrease in secreted PSA levels, protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We suggest that cannabinoid receptor agonists may be useful in the treatment of human prostate cancer.

It is now well accepted that uncontrolled cellular growth, which may be a result of defects in cell cycle and apoptotic machinery, is responsible for the development of most of the cancers including prostate cancer. Thus, the agents which can modulate apoptosis in cancer cells may be able to affect the steady-state cell population and may be useful in the management and therapy of cancer. Consistent with this notion, there is a need to develop novel targets and mechanism-based agents for the management of prostate cancer. One of the most exciting and promising areas of current cannabinoid research is the ability of these compounds to control the cell survival/death decision. In this study, we found that compared with PrEC and PZ-HPV-7 cells, the expression levels of both cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 were significantly higher in CA-HPV-10 and other human prostate cells.

These data suggest that CB1 and CB2 receptors could be a target for novel treatment options for prostate cancer. We also found that mixed CB1/CB2 agonist WIN-55,212-2 treatment of LNCaP cells resulted in a decrease of cell viability as determined by MTT assay at varying doses and time points, suggesting the involvement of both CB1 and CB2 in the antiproliferative action of cannabinoids. It is widely recognized that apoptosis is an ideal way of elimination of cancer cells and that selective apoptotic events could provide suitable targets for cancer treatment and prevention. In this study, we also observed an increase in apoptosis of LNCaP cells by treatment with WIN-55,212-2. This observation was confirmed by employing confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. This could be an important observation which might be useful for devising strategies for the management of human prostate cancer because apoptosis is a physiological and discrete way of cell death different from necrotic cell death and is regarded to be an ideal way of cell elimination.

Androgens are essential for the growth, differentiation, and functioning of the prostate as well as in increasing prostate cancer development. Many molecular mechanisms have been suggested for the development of recurrent hormone refractory tumors. Most of these mechanisms postulate an alteration in the function of the androgen receptor and its signaling pathways. The overexpression of androgen receptor in prostate cancer may promote cell growth. Hence, elimination or reducing the androgen receptor in prostate cancer should help in treating this neoplastic disease. As most of the molecular mechanism for the development of prostate cancer involves modulation in the function of androgen receptor and its signaling pathways, we further studied the effect of WIN-55,212-2 on androgen receptor protein and mRNA expression and its subsequent effect on PSA production. Our results indicate that WIN-55,212-2 treatment significantly decreases androgen receptor protein and mRNA expression in LNCaP cells.

PSA belongs to the kallikrein family, is a serine protease with highly prostate-specific expression, and is the most widely employed marker in the detection of early prostate cancer. For these reasons, it is considered that agents which could reduce PSA levels may have important clinical implications for prostate cancer. Earlier studies reported that PSA is primarily regulated by androgens. This observation was based on the fact that the antiandrogen, cyperoterone acetate, had the ability to induce PSA, and that hydroxyflutamide could block androgen and progesterone induction of PSA glycoprotein, thus suggesting that PSA glycoprotein expression is influenced predominantly by androgens via its receptor, and the mutation of the receptor can affect the expression of this gene by steroids other than androgens.

Recent studies have established that androgen receptor functions as a transcriptional regulator via its binding to androgen response elements within promoter and enhancer regions of PSA. PSA is currently the most accepted marker for assessment of prostate cancer progression in humans and is being detected in the serum of patients with prostate diseases including prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and prostate cancer. It is reported that in LNCaP cells, androgens regulate PSA glycoprotein expression and mRNA via androgen receptor. Our studies show a significant decrease in intracellular, mRN, as well as secreted levels of PSA by WIN-55,212-2 treatment of cells, suggesting that cannabinoid receptor agonists may be exploited to prevent prostate cancer progression.

PCNA recognizes nuclear antigens and its overexpression is associated with increase in PSA serum levels. PCNA expression has significant prognostic value and it seems to be a significant biomarker in prognosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Our results also suggest that concomitant with the decrease in PCNA protein expression, there was a decrease in PSA serum levels following WIN-55,212-2 treatment.

VEGF is a ubiquitous cytokine that regulates embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Normal prostate epithelium expresses low levels of VEGF, whereas premalignant lesions have increased VEGF expression, which is additionally increased in prostate carcinoma. Studies have shown that cannabinoid treatment markedly reduced the expression of VEGF in gliomas, the most potent proangiogenic factor and also of angiopoietin 2, which contributes to the angiogenic process by preventing vessel maturation. Our results showed that treatment of LNCaP with WIN-55,212-2 inhibits growth and VEGF protein expression.

Recently, cannabinoids have received considerable attention due to their diverse pharmacologic activities such as cell growth inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects, and tumor regression. Our results suggest that treatment of androgen-responsive human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells resulted in a decrease in intracellular and secreted levels of PSA, with concomitant inhibition of androgen receptor, cell growth, and induction of apoptosis. We conclude that cannabinoids should be considered as agents for the management of prostate cancer. If our hypothesis is supported by in vivo experiments, then the long-term implications of our work could be to develop non–habit-forming cannabinoid agonist(s) for the management of prostate cancer.​

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/65/5/1635
 
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Alexander Shulgin

CBD + chemotherapy against pancreatic cancer

One of the largest fields of study for cannabis researchers is cancer research.

Several studies have been carried out investigating the effects of CBD on different types of cancer cells. It has already been found to inhibit carcinoma growth in prostate cancer cell cultures, and induce apoptosis in breast cancer and leukemia cells.

Pancreatic cancer is the 11th most common cancer diagnosis, and is responsible for around 331,000 deaths per year. The average survival rate after diagnosis is currently only 6 percent. With no significant improvements seen in the life expectancy and survival rates of patients with pancreatic cancer over the past few decades, new work from a coalition of researchers in the UK, Italy, and Australia examines the effect of CBD on pancreatic cancer cells to examine whether this could lead to improved outcomes for those people affected by this aggressive cancer.

The effect of cannabidiol treatment on life expectancy

The team studied pancreatic cell cultures as well as mice that had been genetically modified to develop pancreatic cancer. The sample group consisted of 34 mice, which were split into 4 smaller groups for treatment. Ten mice were given CBD and 8 were given the chemotherapy drug Gemcitabine, which is more commonly known by its brand name, Gemzar. A further seven mice were given a combination of both CBD and gemcitabine, and nine were given a placebo.

The mice in the placebo group survived for an average of 19 days. The mice that received CBD only survived for around 25 days, and the mice who were given gemcitabine chemotherapy treatment lived for approximately 28 days. The mice who received a combination of CBD and chemotherapy on average lived for almost 53 days. This is nearly three times as long as the mice given the placebo, and around twice as long as the mice given CBD or chemotherapy alone.

GPR55 Signaling and cancer proliferation

As well as studying the survival rates of the mice, the GPR55 gene was also examined as it has previously been recorded as being involved in many of the cellular functions associated with cancer proliferation. The gene produces proteins inside cell membranes that can act as detectors for various substances, including cannabinoids such as CBD. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed an accumulation of GPR55 in human cancer cell lines compared to healthy human cell lines, which lends further weight to the notion that GPR55 may be involved in the proliferation of cancer cells.

The researchers found that CBD can block the receptors that are produced by the GPR55 gene. This prevents the proteins from interacting synergistically with other compounds to promote the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. As a result, this inhibition of the GPR55 signaling pathway slows the growth and multiplication of these typically aggressive cancer cells.

Additional considerations for CBD use

In the past, there have been recorded cases of cell lines developing a resistance to gemcitabine treatment. As gemcitabine is one of the most common chemotherapy drugs prescribed for pancreatic cancers, the potential for pancreatic cancer cells building up a resistance to the drug is highly concerning. In the interest of combatting this, the researchers in this study also examined the effects of CBD on activation pathways that are thought to be associated with gemcitabine resistance, such as increased ERK activity. The team found that CBD was able to decrease ERK activity, and as a result, could hinder at least one of the potential pathways to chemotherapy resistance.

As well as the increased life expectancy and decreased drug resistance, Professor Marco Falasca, the corresponding author on the research project, also emphasized additional benefits to using CBD in conjunction with traditional chemotherapy drugs.

Speaking to Analytical Cannabis, Professor Falasca explained, “Cannabidiol is also known to improve the side effects of chemotherapy, including nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting, meaning it could also improve the quality of life of patients undergoing chemotherapy.”

Professor Falasca also addressed the practicalities of using CBD together with chemotherapy treatments, stating “cannabidiol is also already approved for use in clinics, which means we can quickly go on to test this in human clinical trials. If we can reproduce these effects in humans, cannabidiol could be in use in cancer clinics almost immediately, compared to having to wait for authorities to approve a new drug.”

https://www.analyticalcannabis.com/...romising-results-in-animal-model-study-307430

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CBD and cancer: other studies

Cannabidiol reaction to protein examined for possible tumor anti-metastasis [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28888984]
Cannabinoids – a new weapon against cancer? [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28100841]
In vitro and in vivo efficacy of CBD in neuroblastoma [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27022310]
CBD as potential anticancer drug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22506672]
The inhibitory effects of CBD on systemic malignant tumors [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23544909]
CBD inhibits angiogenesis by multiple mechanisms [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22624859]
CBD may help relieve chemotherapy related neuropathy pain [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249239/]
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC and CBD extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19896326]
CBD inhibits cancer cell invasion via upregulation of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19914218]
 
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University of Insubria

CBD as a potential anticancer drug

Paola Massi, Marta Solinas, Valentina Cinquina, Daniela Parolaro

In recent years, several lines of evidence support an antitumourigenic effect of cannabinoids including tetrahydrocannabinol, synthetic agonists, endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid transport or degradation inhibitors. Indeed, cannabinoids possess anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects and they are known to interfere with tumour neovascularization, cancer cell migration, adhesion, invasion and metastasization. However, the clinical use of THC and additional cannabinoid agonists is often limited by their unwanted psychoactive side effects, and for this reason interest in non-psychoactive cannabinoid compounds with structural affinity for THC, such as cannabidiol (CBD), has substantially increased in recent years. The present review will focus on the efficacy of CBD in the modulation of different steps of tumourigenesis in several types of cancer and highlights the importance of exploring CBD/CBD analogues as alternative therapeutic agents. Collectively, the non-psychoactive plant-derived cannabinoid CBD exhibits pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative actions in different types of tumours and may also exert anti-migratory, anti-invasive, anti-metastatic and perhaps anti-angiogenic properties. On the basis of these results, evidence is emerging to suggest that CBD is a potent inhibitor of both cancer growth and spread.

The anticancer effect of this compound seems to be selective for cancer cells, at least in vitro, since it does not affect normal cell lines. The efficacy of CBD is linked to its ability to target multiple cellular pathways that control tumourigenesis through the modulation of different intracellular signalling depending on the cancer type considered. The most common effect of CBD is the increase in ROS production that seems to be determinant for triggering its beneficial action in all the considered cancer cell types. The role of cannabinoid/vanilloid receptors in mediating CBD effects is more controversial. In some cases (lung, leukaemia, colon) a clear contribution of these receptors was demonstrated through the use of specific antagonists, but in other cancer types (glioma and breast) their relevance appears only marginal or absent. Besides the in vitro data, the efficacy of CBD in reducing tumour growth and, in some cases, metastasization was confirmed in experimental animal models. However, the potential clinical application of CBD for cancer therapy needs some consideration. Its low toxicity is certainly a good starting point. CBD behaves as a non toxic compound; indeed oral administration of CBD 700 mg day-1 for 6 weeks did not show any overt toxicity in humans suggesting its possible exploitation for prolonged treatment. The route of administration appears more problematic since CBD oral absorption is slow and unpredictable. However, 6 weeks of oral CBD treatment 10 mg kg-1 day-1 provoked a plasma concentration of CBD that did not differ significantly over the 6 weeks of administration.

This range of concentration was demonstrated to be active in inhibiting lung cancer cell invasion, thus suggesting that in some cases the oral route could be the appropriate choice. Additionally, experimental data showed that combined treatment with CBD and THC could be more effective in reducing cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that co-administration may represent a better choice for cancer therapy. Accordingly, oromucosal treatment with Sativex™ 10 mg (a formulation with a 1:1 ratio of CBD and THC, recently approved for multiple sclerosis) resulted in a CBD plasma concentration of effective in reducing lung cell invasion in vitro. Thus, the results obtained with Sativex™ suggest the use of different associations of phytocannabinoids in a variable proportion might lead to a better outcome without pharmacokinetic interaction. Moreover, oromucosal administration may represent a first choice in the presence of nausea and vomiting. Finally, the use of CBD/Sativex can be suggested in combination with classical chemotherapeutic agents to check for the presence of a synergistic effect that might potentially allow clinical chemotherapeutic dose reduction, thereby reducing toxicity while maintaining efficacy. In the light of its safety record and considering that CBD is already currently used in patients with multiple sclerosis, the findings here summarized suggest that CBD might be worthy of clinical consideration for cancer therapy.​

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3579246/
 
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Beating anal and skin cancer with cannabis oil

by Corrie Yelland | March 2012

My name's Corrie Yelland. I'm 55 years old. In 2007, I had a heart attack and subsequently had a double bypass. As a result of the heart surgery, for 4 plus years, I have been plagued with chronic debilitating pain from a maligned sternum and post sternotomy neuralgia/syndrome. I was ingesting copious amounts of various pain killers 24/7. They barely touched the pain. I spent my days in agony, waiting for evening so I could try to sleep. I took sleeping pills nightly in a futile attempt to escape the hell I was going through and failed miserably. Within 2 hours of taking the pills, I would awake in agony.

Fast forward to July of 2011. Already coping with 2 spots of skin cancer on my collar bone, I was stunned when I was diagnosed with Anal Canal Cancer. Following 2 surgeries, the doctor told me they did not get all the cancer and I would have to endure a regime of radiation treatments. I started researching what this would entail, and attended a intake meeting at the Cancer Clinic. They said "This is the worst area of of the body to radiate." The radiation beam might hit both my coccyx and pubic bone potentially causing permanent damage.

Additionally, I would suffer 2nd and 3rd degree burns vaginally, rectally, across my buttocks, as well as my entire "nether regions", and there was a "good possibility" both my vagina and rectum would fuse shut from the burns and subsequent scaring.

The list of both short and long term side effects was endless and horrendous, but you get the gist. I told the doctor, I needed time to think about it. His response was hostile, as he told me I had 2-4 months, possibly 6. He murmured something abut a "death wish" and walked out. One day someone sent me Rick Simpson's video, Run From The Cure. It took me days to get around to watching it, but when I did I was blown away. Here was this man, a seemingly super straight small town Nova Scotian, talking about these amazing results he had seen with in himself and other people taking Cannabis and curing themselves of a myriad of diseases including end stage cancers.

After hearing what Rick had to say, and watching the testimonials in the video, I was feeling some hope for the first time. For 2 weeks I did nothing but research cannabis as a medicine. I was stunned by the sheer number of studies on Pub Med indicating that cannabis indeed has the capacity to heal. I started using cannabis 2 months ago as per Rick Simpson's protocol from his video. (He recommends starting out small, and slowly upping the dose so ones' body becomes accustomed to it, without being high constantly. As a person who hasn't smoked pot since my late teens, early 20's, the non high aspect appealed to me). I had huge hopes to cure my cancer, and embarked on my fight to live.

As well as ingesting the cannabis oil, I topically applied it to 2 spots of skin cancer on my collar bone. Within 48 hours, there were visible changes. In just over a week, the 2 spots were completely gone. Elated, I continued ingesting the oil, in hopes it would work on the other cancer attacking my body. Nothing prepared me for what happened next. About 2 weeks into my regime, the pain in my sternum, as well as the nerve pain had become almost non existent.

You have to understand, I had resigned myself to a life sentence of pain and agony. It had been 4 years of pain that was with me 24/7 and never, in my wildest dreams, did I imagine I would be pain free ever again. I was able to stand up straight, the jolting pain so intense that it would cause me to cry out, ceased completely. I started to sleep through the night and stopped taking sleeping pills. I saw one of my doctors a couple of weeks ago and was thrilled to hear he believes there is a decrease in both the size and number of tumors. I know in my heart it is only a matter of time before I will be completely cured. Even the most skeptical of my friends comment on the visible changes in me. I have evolved from a pain wracked, hunched over, shuffling along individual, to a vibrant, high energy person. Even my complexion has improved.

Before I started using cannabis, I typically took 10-15 Tylenol 3 a day, along with a smorgasbord of other drugs. Now, in a 24 hour period, a half a Tylenol 3 is all I need. I think it's understandable when I say I get very emotional when I think of how far I've come. Not only has cannabis changed my life, it is SAVING my life.

When researching, I met a woman in Texas diagnosed with the same cancer that I have. Diagnosed at the same time, we felt fortunate to have found each other, as we were identical in every aspect. I. E. same age, same diagnostic procedure, same stage of the cancer with radiation recommended as treatment. She chose to have the radiation. I'm very sad to tell you she died 2 weeks ago, as a result of infection from radiation burns. She left behind a husband and 12 year old daughter.

I continued ingesting the oil on a daily basis, and slowly, ever so slowly increasing the amount I was taking. I also began filling gelatin capsules with a mixture of the cannabis oil and olive oil and inserting them rectally (Here are instructions for making cannabis oil suppositories). I thought to myself, if the oil worked being applied directly to skin cancers, wounds etc. why wouldn't it work there? Get it closer to the source, get it closer to the problem area. At the end of May, I saw the doctor who first discovered my cancer. I was in the operating room for a non related problem. At the time, I was told he could no longer manually or visually detect any cancer. Elated, for the first time I dared to hope, that maybe, just MAYBE the cannabis oil was working.

Because the cancer was not this particular doctor's area of expertise, I was hesitant to become too excited. I was no longer taking any pain killers and found myself thinking that if all the cannabis did was to hold it at bay, I would consider myself lucky. On September 20, 2012, I saw my specialist/surgeon, whom I had not seen for approximately 6 months. He examined me once, then a second time, and then a third time. My heart was pounding so loudly I could hear the whooshing in my ears. And then the news I had only dared to hope for. "It's gone! I can't find anything at all. If it wasn't for the scar tissue I would never have known you had ever had cancer." I was shaking, looking at him in disbelief. Tears streaming down my face, I hugged him mumbling, "thank you, thank you." He looked at me, "No, Thank YOU! You're the one that did this. You DID it Corrie! You pulled it off, you pulled it off!" No doctor, CANNABIS OIL and I pulled it off! I have subsequently received confirmation that the cancer is well and truly 100% confirmed to be gone.​

https://www.cureyourowncancer.org/c...g-anal-and-skin-cancer-with-cannabis-oil.html
 
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Voacangine found to inhibit solid tumor growth and metastasis

Yonghyo Kim, Hye Jin Jung, Ho Jeong Kwon

Voacangine is an iboga alkaloid and tryptamine derivative found in the rootbark of the tree Voacanga africana and Tabernanthe iboga.

Voacangine exhibits potent anti-angiogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Voacangine inhibits tumor-induced angiogenesis by suppressing HIF-1a, and could be the basis for the development of novel anti-angiogenic agents.

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, plays a critical role in normal and pathological phenotypes, including solid tumor growth and metastasis. Accordingly, development of new anti-angiogenic agents is considered an efficient strategy for the treatment of cancer and other human diseases linked with angiogenesis. We have identified voacangine, isolated from Voacanga africana, as a novel anti-angiogenic agent. Voacangine inhibits the proliferation of HUVECs at an IC50 of 18 uM with no cytotoxic effects. Voacangine significantly suppressed in vitro angiogenesis, such as VEGF-induced tube formation and chemoinvasion. Moreover, the compound inhibits in vivo angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane at non-toxic doses. In addition, voacangine decreased the expression levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1a and its target gene, VEGF, in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that the naturally occurring compound, voacangine, is a novel anti-angiogenic compound.​

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22155252
 
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Eduardo Schenberg, family and colleagues


Case studies suggest Ayahuasca may be successfully used in the Treatment of Cancer

by Eduardo Schenberg

Based on case evidence of the effectiveness in affecting a range of cancers, he proposes a theoretical model based on known cellular, molecular, and psychosocial effects of the active ingredients of ayahuasca. Schenberg proposes they may counteract some of the classic hallmarks of cancer such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cell metabolism through their combined actions, leading to a reduction of blood supply to the tumors, the activation of apoptotic pathways, a reduction of cell proliferation, and reducing the Warburg effect, the energetic metabolic imnalance found within cancer cells. Based on recent findings that DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) has agonist properties at the sigma-1 receptors, Schenberg postulates that ayahuasca may exercise therapeutic effects through the action of DMT on intracelluler sigma-1 receptors.

Schenberg proposes two models of DMT effects on sigma-1 receptors, high and low concentration effects. Effects at low concentrations provide a regulation of calcium flow to the mitochondria, while high concentrations inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels and exert a range of effects in the plasma membrane region. He proposes that because chloride ion channels modulate the cell cycle and regulation, interactions of sigma-1 receptors with the volume-regulated chloride channel may have effects on cancer. Given the role of calcium influx into the mitochondria, he postulates that DMT regulates cancer in managing the energetic imbalance bewteen cystolic aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (the Warburg effect), considered a hallmark of cancer. The hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential that is a metabolic profile of cancer cells could be counteracted by the calcium influx which is triggered by DMT binding to the sigma-1 receptor.

The effects of high concentrations of DMT produces an influx of calcium and a depolorization of the mitochondrial membrane that could enhance permeability transition pore which could cause the swelling and rupture of mitochondria and cell death. The beta-carbolines of ayahuasca brews may also have antineoplastic effects; Schenberg reviews research reporting their roles in the apoptosis (cell death) of melanoma through inhibition od neo-vessel formation by decreasing serum levels pf pro-angiogenic factors as well as through inhibitory effect on proliferation of carcinoma cells. Both harmine and harmaline reduce proliferation of leukemia cells in humans, while harmine produces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Schenberg proposes that harmine may exert anticancer effects through inhibitory action on DYRK1A kinase, which has been implicated in the resistance of many cancerous tissues, as well as the proliferation and migration of cancer cells.​

https://books.google.ca/books?id=FK1mCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=b+caapi+cancer&source=bl&ots=mtFkDwPoB6&sig=AF_t4_rdcE7wpYo5RMgZ0nP8-3Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK_YWay-XbAhWMjywKHSquDQY4ChDoAQhTMAg#v=onepage&q=b caapi cancer&f=false
 
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Brazilian Scientist: Ayahuasca can effectively treat cancer

by Liam S. Whittaker | CS GLOBE

Eduardo Schenberg, of the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, recently published a piece in Sage Journals, detailing his belief that Ayahuasca has cancer-fighting abilities, essentially encouraging the legalization of research in the field.

Similar to the way cancer has been successfully treated with cannabis oil, or vitamin B-17 from the apricot pit, it is emerging as a viable possibility that Ayahuasca is another herbal, ancient cure to disease found in abundance in the new world of synthetic consumption.

Ayahuasca, as many viewers of this article likely know, is a psychoactive, ancient, sacred ancient brew, with deep roots in South American shamanic practice. Since at least 500 BC, South American shamans have used Ayahuasca for ceremonial purposes, and as a medicine of many functions.

Many people believe that DMT is created in the pineal gland of human beings when we dream, when we are born, and when we die. Critics of this theory say there is no evidence to back up these claims, but as of 2013, studies from the University of Michigan have shown that indeed dimethyltryptamine is created in the pineal glands of rats, and with the biological similarities us mammals share, it is very likely that DMT is synthesized in our pineal glands as well. According to Dr. Rick Strassman, author of the critically acclaimed book DMT- The Spirit Molecule, the human body metabolizes DMT rapidly, almost eager to consume the substance. Seretonin, the primary source of pleasure for us human beings, created in our brains and bodies daily of course, is 5-hydroxytryptamine, almost chemically identical to dimethyltryptamine. Yet, the US government classifies this molecule that may be part of our very being, as a schedule I, highly illegal drug.

It should be noted that Ayahuasca/DMT has characteristics similar to almost no ‘drugs’ except perhaps psilocybin mushrooms. Psilocin (what psilocybin metabolizes into), is also almost identical to chemicals already in our brains, similarly metabolized quickly by the body, more characteristic of a vitamin than an intoxicant.

For the viewers of this piece who do not already know, Ayahuasca is a brew consisting of many different psychoactive plants, including dimethyltryptamine containing foliage, and MAOI inhibiting plants that make the DMT active when ingested orally, namely the root bark of the Caapi vine. Caapi root bark contains monoamine oxidase inhibitors, harmala alkaloids. The DMT in Ayahuasca is primarily found in the leaves of the Psychotria Viridis plant, or the seeds of Syrian Rue, or both. Similar to cannabis’ ancient, rich history as a medicine, Ayahuasca has been a fundamental part of indigenous cultures in South America, namely the Amazonian rainforest and Peru, for thousands of years.

Ayahuasca is not typically looked at as a tool to treat cancer.

More often, people decide to drink Ayahuasca or ingest DMT in pursuit of life-changing experiences, epiphanies, to visit unexplored corners of the mind, in hopes of easing a wide range of psychological ailments and problems.

More often than not, people who consume Ayahuasca/DMT report extreme mental clarity after the experience, a difficult-to-explain sense of well-being, as if the substances organized the user’s subconscious and rarely touched areas of the brain.

It seems that simultaneously with all the other ways we are seeing a global paradigm shift, there is a shift taking place in the realm of medicine. After about a century of criminalizing plants and mind-altering products of the earth, people globally seem to be taking great interest in the Earth’s treasure chest of medicine in botany and nature, no longer concealed from us or alleged to be dangerous by proponents of pharmaceutical monopolies. Scientists such as Eduardo Schenberg will surely press on in their work, as the massive surge in popularity for these things grows exponentially. If you skipped the part of this article in which I explained the basics of Ayahuasca/DMT because you are already familiar with it, you are likely part of this very paradigm shift.

As could go without saying, more research and uninhibited analysis of Ayahuasca’s effect on human beings is necessary to understand the effectiveness of it as a treatment for cancer and who knows what else. The World Wide Web increasingly seems to push truths to the surface of the minds of those who pay attention, while false info can quickly debunked with little effort. This is the paradigm of our world today.​

http://csglobe.com/ayahuasca-can-effectively-treat-cancer/
 
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P. Harmala

Harmine against thyroid cancer

Ruan S, Jia F, Li J
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Harmine is a fluorescent harmala alkaloid belonging to the beta-carboline family of compounds. P. harmala and B. caapi are both traditionally used for their psychoactive effects. Isolated from the plant Peganum harmala, harmine has already been shown to strongly inhibit the growth of cancer cells originating from breast, lung, bone and pancreas.

Thyroid cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the endocrine system. In recent studies, Harmine inhibited the growth of several cancers in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficiency of Harmine against thyroid cancer cell line TPC-1. The in vitro cytotoxicity of Harmine evaluated by XTT assay indicated that Harmine suppressed the proliferation of TPC-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, Harmine induced apoptosis of TPC-1 cells by regulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. The colony forming ability of TPC-1 cells was also time-dependently inhibited by Harmine. In vivo evaluation showed that Harmine effectively inhibited the growth of thyroid cancer in a dose-dependent manner. Harmine is a promising herbal medicine in the therapy of thyroid cancer, and further efforts are needed to explore this therapeutic strategy.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28270853
 
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Is (
R)-DOI a super-potent anti-cancer medicine?*

(R)-DOI (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) is a psychedelic first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. It is a potent inhibitor of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a inflammation, which exerts strong anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects through the modulation of innate and adaptive immune processes. (R)-DOI seems to be a superpower in regulating the 5HT2a receptor to inhibit TNF-α-mediated inflammation in the body. Activation of the 5-HT2A receptor represents a novel and extraordinarily potent therapeutic avenue for treating chronic inflammatory conditions, infections and cancer.

(R)-DOI is a psychedelic and mixed 5-HT2A/5-HT2C receptor agonist which acts via 5-HT2A receptors to inhibit the inflammatory effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α plays a key role in inflammation, and its production and signaling contribute to many inflammatory related diseases. Recently, we discovered that selective activation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors with the agonist (R)-DOI produces a super-potent blockade of pro-inflammatory markers. Here we demonstrate that systemic administration of (R)-DOI can block the systemic effects of (TNF)-α in whole animal. Importantly, the mechanism underlying the systemic anti-inflammatory effects of (R)-DOI is activation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. Our results highlight a powerful new role for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor in inflammatory processes, and indicate that agonism of serotonin receptors may represent an effective and novel approach to develop powerful small molecule therapeutics for inflammatory diseases.​

*From the article here: http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/co...2/264.full.pdf
 
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University of Tokyo

Anti-tumor activity of the skin of the toad Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor

Qi F., Li A, Inagaki Y., Kokudo N., Tamura S., Nakata M., Tang W.
Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan

Bufo toads contain bufotenine (5-HO-DMT) and the alkaloid tryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a potent psychedelic. Compounds derived from their skin-secretions can be used as medicine against cardiac-problems, multi-drug resistant bacteria, HIV and cancer. The most interesting aspect in therapeutic use of components present in toad skin secretions other than their antimicrobial effect is their anti-cancerous activity.

The skin of the toad Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor is known to be rich in bufadienolides, peptides and alkaloids. It has been found to be a source of some extracts and biologically active compounds with anti-tumor activity. Cinobufacini (HuaChanSu), a Chinese medicine prepared from the dried toad skin, has been widely used in clinical therapy for various cancers in China. Bufadienolides, such as bufalin, cinobufagin, resibufogenin, and telocinobufagin, are the major active compounds derived from the toad skin. They are the maker biologically active compounds of cinobufagin while the anti-tumor activity of cinobufagin may be due to this kind of components.

Research suggests that cinobufacini and its active compounds (bufalin and cinobufagin) exhibit significant anti-tumor activity, including inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation, induction of apoptosis, disruption of the cell cycle, inhibition of cancer angiogenesis, reversal of multi-drug resistance, and regulation of the immune response. Clinical data have indicated that cinobufacini may have effective anticancer activity with low toxicity and few side effects. Data to date suggest it may also enhance quality of life for patients with cancer. Thus, this review briefly summarizes recent studies on the anticancer activity of cinobufacini and some of its active compounds from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor. This might provide additional evidence for further study of the extracts and active compounds from the toad skin in cancer treatment.​

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185919
 
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Spectacular research results: Ayahuasca in the battle against cancer

A powerful psychedelic brew consumed by shamans deep in the Amazon could help in the fight against cancer and should be researched, according to a Brazilian scientist.

Ayahuasca, meaning the vine of the souls, is traditionally prepared using the Banisteriopsis caapi vine and Psychotria viridis leaves, though other combinations of plants are
sometimes used. Psychotria viridis contains N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the leaves, while Banisteriopsis caapi contains beta-carbolines such as harmine and harmaline.

For centuries, the psychedelic brew has been used in shamanistic healing rituals. A Natural Geographic reporter who participated in an ayahuasca ritual described the experience as terrifying but enlightening.

Eduardo Schenberg of the Federal University of Sao Paulo thinks some of the healing powers attributed to ayahuasca deserve scientific attention, particularly when it comes to cancer.

There is enough available evidence that ayahuasca's active principles, especially DMT and harmine, have positive effects in some cell cultures used to study cancer, and in biochemical processes important in cancer treatment, both in vitro and in vivo, he wrote in an article published in SAGE Open Medicine. Therefore, the available reports of people benefiting from ayahuasca in their cancer treatment experiences should be taken seriously. The hypothesis is that the combination of (beta-carboline) alkaloids and dimethyltryptamine present in ayahuasca blocks the transportation of nutrients to tumors, lessens the dividing process of cancer cells, and changes the unbalanced mutation-causing metabolism in cancer cells.

Rumors of ayahuasca helping people with cancer are common, according to Schenberg, and there are at least nine case reports of cancer patients using ayahuasca during their treatment. Of these 9 reports, 3 showed improvements after consuming the psychedelic brew. The physiological effects of the drug suggest there might be some truth behind them, Schenberg said.

DMT produces a powerful psychedelic experience by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain. The drug also binds to the Sigma-1R receptor, which is found throughout the body and is involved in many cellular functions. The sigma 1 receptor appears to be implicated in the death signalling of cancer cells.

In addition, harmine has been shown to induce the death of some cancer cells, and inhibit the proliferation of human carcinoma cells.

Other physiological factors suggest the combination of DMT and harmine could have medically-important antitumor effects, though more research is need.

It is hypothesized that the combined actions of β-carbolines and DMT present in ayahuasca may diminish tumor blood supply, activate apoptotic pathways, diminish cell proliferation, and change the energetic metabolic imbalance of cancer cells, which is known as the Warburg effect*, Schenberg wrote. Therefore, ayahuasca may act on cancer hallmarks such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cell metabolism.

https://mysticablog.wordpress.com/20...gainst-cancer/

*Dr. Otto Warburg discovered in the early 1900’s that there are a few factors common amongst all types of cancer, the most important of which is that cancer ferments glucose (sugar) in the presence of oxygen to produce energy. This is known simply as the Warburg effect.
 
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How I beat cancer with cannabis oil

by Kelly Hauf

My name is Kelly, I’m 52 years old, and I would like to share my amazing story with you.

In January 2000, after a severe headache prompted a CAT scan, a 3cm tumor was discovered in the left frontal lobe of my brain. I was 38 years old. My two daughters were ages 15 and 12. Immediate brain surgery was recommended by my surgeon. However, after further discussion, due to slow growth and no adjacent edema, he felt it would not be negligent to postpone surgery and monitor the tumor every 3 months with an MRI. The tumor remained stable for a little over three years then suddenly grew 25%.

On September 4, 2003, when I was 41, on my husband’s 42nd birthday, I had surgery at Cedars Sinai in Los Angeles. I spent the next day, our 19th wedding anniversary in ICU. The pathology report came back an Oligodendroglioma grade 2. The surgery was an apparent success and neither radiation nor chemotherapy were recommended. However, since it’s unlikely every cancer cell can be detected and removed, and the nature of gliomas are to grow back over time, it was necessary to continue MRI monitoring every 3 months. Living from MRI to MRI had become our “normal”.

All MRI reports remained stable until November 2013 when my quarterly MRI came back showing regrowth of the tumor. My brain surgeon in Los Angeles recommended 4-6 months of chemotherapy, and if that didn't work, another brain surgery to go in and clean up the regrowth would be considered. He also gave me anti-seizure medication for auras that had started to manifest as strong unexplainable odors. My doctor described this experience as an olfactory seizure. While researching Charlotte’s Web cannabis oil as an alternative to the prescribed seizure medicine I also found out that cannabis oil was also showing promise as a cancer treatment and could be an alternative to chemotherapy. I was living in a state that did not have legal access to cannabis but my youngest daughter, Jillian, was living in San Francisco where medical marijuana was legal.

When Jillian came home for Christmas she and my husband, Rick, decided it was time for me to make a decision to do something. I wasn't ready to decide anything just yet. I wanted to have Christmas with my family. The day after Christmas I made up my mind to drive out to California to investigate cannabis oil as a treatment. My husband took an emergency leave of absence from his job. We then put away the Christmas tree ornaments, cleaned the house, loaded up the car, and headed to California. We talked with doctors, met with support groups taking the oil, read articles about successful brain tumor results in Spain and Amsterdam and gathered information wherever we could. We decided to give the cannabis oil a try, especially after we read a paper on a study about the chemotherapy my doctor had recommended. That study suggested patients with tumors like mine appeared to get better at first with the chemo but then the left over tumor cells would mutate and turn aggressive over time.

After many conversations with my husband we decided to commit to a 90-day cannabis treatment protocol. My San Francisco neuro oncologist felt like my situation was not a dire emergency and felt like I could be allowed the 90 days to try this unorthodox treatment, however if that didn't work, another surgery would be likely. After we had chosen this path incredible healers came forward to help support me through this unknown territory. These healers included one of the best neurological teams in the world. I know I have been incredibly fortunate. I am so very grateful to each person who came forward with his or her special expertise and other gifts to make this treatment possible for me.

After establishing residency in San Francisco, I was able to get a medical marijuana card. The card was for cancer treatment but, amazingly, the cannabis oil has helped me with my fibromyalgia pain, joint pain, and chronic headaches. I had this pain for many years and it was getting worse. I literally have no pain now. My blood pressure had been creeping up over the years and was consistently pre-hypertensive, now it’s consistently on the low side of normal. I have not taken any other medication except the cannabis oil, supplements, and good clean healthy food over the last 8 months.

When we arrived in San Francisco, my husband, Rick, became my Angel from Heaven. He took on my full time care, and I made him my legal caregiver so he could pick up my medicine at the dispensary if I was not able. He bought a good juicer and began juicing all organic non-GMO veggies every day. He prepared almost all of my organic gluten free meals and took me out for a walk and fresh air daily. Our temporary home was across the street from the Golden Gate Park so we walked through the park down to the beach daily during my treatment. I began calling the park Grandmother GG, because I felt so nurtured in her abundance, and this daily ritual in the beauty of nature was, I believe, a major contributor to my healing. We got a machine to create pure alkaline drinking water. I had an arsenal of cancer fighting supplements, foods, and daily practices to work on my physical, spiritual and emotional health.

The plan was to do the Rick Simpson cancer treatment protocol of 60 grams of highly concentrated cannabis oil over a 90 day period, the higher the THC the better for killing tumors. My 90 day MRI was scheduled for April. I had not reached a gram a day by that time and was concerned that the MRI results wouldn't be what we were hoping for. Indeed the report showed no change in the main tumor’s regrowth; however, there was a smaller inoperable tumor, in the cingular gyrus that we had been monitoring since my first tumor surgery ten years prior that was completely gone. We were amazed and it gave us the encouragement we needed to continue the cannabis protocol. To get to the amount of a gram of oil a day took months of building up my tolerance. I had very physical challenges and setbacks during this process such as seizures, middle of the night walks, tremors, convulsions, nausea, frustration, lack of appetite, and many tears. I finally reached a gram a day and eventually up to two grams a day on the final two weeks before my second MRI at the end of August.

In August, eight months after beginning the cannabis treatment, my MRI was reviewed by a leading Radiologist, my Neuro Oncologist, and my world renowned Brain Surgeon, and it was concluded that all that was remaining of the tumor regrowth was scar tissue. I will have another MRI in December. Because these tumors are chronic and tend to grow back, I will always be living MRI to MRI, but the key word here is that I am living …and in great health with a great immune system. I was not left with my immune system compromised by chemo and radiation, which is the standard protocol for these types of tumors as well as other cancers.​
 
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First study to show that DMT protects the body's immune system from cancer

Beckley Foundation

New study led by Ede Frecska and Jordi Riba is the first to bring some clarity to the mystique surrounding this hotly-debated subject.

The team took 3 types of human cells – neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells (a cell that can develop into any other cell type), monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (these two are both key players in the body’s immune system, working to engulf and annihilate undesirable particles, such as harmful bacteria or cancer cells). The team then restricted the cells’ supply of oxygen (hypoxia). A few hours of severe hypoxia reliably kills the majority of neurons, and a significant proportion of the immune cells.

The scientists then tested whether DMT could protect the cells from this fate. And indeed, they found that DMT-treated cell cultures had a much higher survival rate! Moreover, the amount of DMT needed to protect the cells was relatively low.

Hypoxia usually causes dramatic alterations to unprotected cells. One of the most reliable markers of being oxygen-deprived –the hypoxic condition- is the presence of the so-called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, which can be clearly visualised, but disappears when there is sufficient amount of oxygen. In the presence of DMT, there was significantly less HIF-1 detected in the cells, as well as the other oxygen-sensitive proteins. Therefore, DMT could be seen to actively reduce cellular stress in hypoxic environments.

So, the DMT-treated cells underwent – on a, literally, microcosmic level – a “near-death” experience, as opposed to a deadly one. The question is: How does DMT protect these cells?

Szabo et al. decided to investigate how important the action of the Sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1R) is in bringing about the protective effects of DMT. Located inside the immune and brain cells (and cells from other organs such as liver, kidney), these receptors have important functions in the synthesis of energy molecules, as well as facilitating stress signalling. On a molecular level, “stress,” does not correspond to the difficulties and hurdles of everyday life, but to all the nasty things that threaten a cell’s well-being, such as changes in oxygen level (used in this study), temperature, toxins and mechanical damage. DMT has been previously shown to bind to Sigma-1 receptors, and more DMT is detected in the central nervous system under stress.

Suspecting that the effects of DMT hinge on the action of these receptors, the team selectively silenced (i.e. switched off) the genes responsible for SIG-1R development. The results were drastic and immediately apparent: switching of the Sigma-1 receptors led to complete annihilation of the DMT-related effects on cell survival and HIF-1 markers! Therefore, the researchers concluded that Sig-1R receptors are absolutely instrumental in enabling the protective, anti-stress effects of DMT.

By finding out that these effects are mediated through the Sig-1 receptors, Szabo et al. have brought us one step closer to finding out mechanisms behind DMT’s neuroprotective effects. We can look more confidently to a future where the workings of DMT are better understood. Currently plausible hypotheses include the idea that DMT is fine tuning the regulation of oxygen metabolism, or relating to other molecules involved in cell survival.

Conclusion: “Our results suggest a novel and important role of DMT in human cellular physiology and point out to the relevance of DMT-mediated Sig-1R modulation in future therapies concerning hypoxia/ischemia-related pathologies.” If these results are applicable to other stressors and replicated in humans, the implications are huge. DMT could be administered to save neurones that would otherwise die from exposure to harmful events, such as to protect patients’ brains against damage caused by oxygen starvation – e.g. during heart attack or stroke. And the damage wrought by tragic neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s – for which there are currently no cures – could potentially be redressed. On a biological level, DMT could be a life-saving agent, administered in order to give cells, and the bodies they belong to, a second chance at life.​

http://beckleyfoundation.org/2016/09...-under-stress/
 
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Rick Simpson and the cure for cancer

by Lincoln Horsley | 20 Apr 2012

In 2003 Rick Simpson was diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma skin cancer. He had 3 spots of cancer, two on his face and one on his neck. Rick's decision on how to handle this diagnosis would be world changing.

After not having much luck with surgery Rick decided to try something different. Rick had been extracting cannabis oil and ingesting it orally. He had been taking the oil for other health reasons but the cancer diagnosis reminded him of something and gave him an idea. He remembered a radio headline he heard almost 30 years earlier, that the University of Virginia had found the cannabinoid in cannabis THC could kill cancer in mice. He figured that if it kills cancer in mice it would kill his cancer too.

Rick's decision was to apply cannabis oil to his skin cancer. He applied his cannabis oil to some bandages and put them on the skin cancer. After 4 days of waiting he decided it was time to see if anything had happened under the bandages. To Ricks surprise the cancer was gone. His cannabis oil had cured his cancer.

Rick tried to tell his doctor, but they wouldn't listen. He even went to the cancer organizations and tried to get their help, but nobody wanted anything to do with his discovery. At that point Rick took matters into his own hands. He started growing cannabis on his own land and producing his own cannabis oil. He gave the oil away for free to anyone who needed it. Even after having his home raided multiple times and having over 2600 cannabis plants cut down and taken by the RCMP he still continued to produce the oil and help others.

In 2008 Rick put out a free documentary on YouTube called "Run From the Cure". If you haven't watched it you should. This documentary has been viewed millions of times worldwide and has helped millions of people. If not for Rick and "Run From the Cure" who knows where cannabis medicine would be today.

Its now been over 10 years since Rick began his journey to tell others that cannabis oil can cure cancer. Rick has healed over 5000 people personally with this amazing oil not to mention the countless others all over the world who have heard his story and have been healed. Rick was the inspiration for me to start CureYourOwnCancer and start helping others. The world owes this great man a thank you for his bravery and persistence in making sure that everyone everywhere knows about cannabis oil and what it can do.

https://www.cureyourowncancer.org/testimonials.html
 
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The anti-cancer effects of Bufadienolides

Bufadienolide is a chemical compound with steroid structure. Its derivatives are collectively known as bufadienolides.

In China, the practice of using toad venom to treat cancer is known as HuaChanSu. Toad venom and toad skin are widely used for treating various cancers in China. Bufadienolides are regarded as the main anti-cancer components in toad venom and toad skin.

Recent studies have revealed the therapeutic potential of bufadienolides in immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, and antineoplastic activity. It has also been found that ancient people of Mesoamerica had used toads, B. marinus or B. alvarius, as a psychedelic. The indolealkylamines in toad skin, primarily bufotenine, are responsible for these psychedelic effects. IAAs are biogenic amines and derivatives of 5-hydroxytryptamine which produce their effects through the binding of serotonin receptors.

HuaChanSu is a traditional Chinese medicine extracted from the skin of the Bufo toad that is believed to slow the spread of cancerous cells. The skin of the Bufo toad secretes a venom which is dried and dissolved in water. The solution is injected into the cancerous area and targets specific cancer cells. Bufadienolides are responsible for the anti-cancer properties of HuaChanSu through disruption and consequent inhibition of cell proliferation.

Activation of cell apoptosis by Bufotalin

Dysregulation of cell apoptosis (programmed cell death) is associated with a number of human chronic diseases, including cancer, and induction of cancer cell apoptosis has been identified as an effective way to treat cancer. The growth inhibitory activities of anticancer drugs on cancer cells are achieved through the induction of apoptosis. The results from MTT assay in the present study demonstrated that bufotalin exhibited markedly increased anticancer efficacy as compared with bufalin.

To conclude, the in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacies of two bufadienolides (bufotalin and bufalin) were examined, and the results demonstrated that bufotalin and bufalin effectively suppressed the viability of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines by the induction of cell apoptosis occurring through activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Collectively, these results illustrate the therapeutic potential of bufadienolides against cancer by regulating the p53 signaling pathway.​
 
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Curing cancer with cannabis oil

by I. Daniel | Sociedelic | 16 Jan 2017

Here is an interesting interview with Rick Simpson where he claims using high quality cannabis oil with THC, Not CBD, is the key to cancer treatment.

Alright. Rick, it’s a pleasure to meet you, I’m Curt at Cannabis.net, and you’re kinda one of my Michael Jordan heroes. So, thanks for taking the time with us today.

Well, the real hero in all of this is actually the extracts, I’m just the messenger.

So, just to update people, there’s a lot of things on the internet about your oil, I don’t wanna go too far in the beginning of the story, but… How about you tell us… A lot of people think you live in the US or Canada, can you explain where you’re at right now in life and why, living?

I’m living in Croatia, I’m in Europe. I gave up on Canada a couple of years ago. Actually, for the last… Well, since 2009 I’ve been spending most of my time in Europe, but I don’t… People are under the misconception that I live in the US and all of this, and I can’t even travel into the US. The Canadian government gave me a criminal record for saving people’s lives and that prohibits me from even traveling into the United States. So, I haven’t been in the US since… What was that?

Do you feel if you entered the US you would be arrested? Say if you flew into New York or LA?

Oh, they would probably… They’d likely toss me in Guantanamo Bay for God’s sakes, I’m a medical terrorist.

[laughter]

Honestly, I don’t know what’s wrong with the the American people, or for that matter people everywhere. Why do they take this nonsense from their governments? It’s a God given plant that we all have the right to use, and yet people cower and are afraid of their stupid governments and their police forces. And I have to laugh at these people in a way because these police officers themselves, they have family members that these extracts would be a great benefit for. But I treated many police officers myself and their families, and believe me, when one of them are dying, well then they started singing a whole different tune in regards to this medication. It’s just sickening, the simple truth is the American government.. nobody anywhere ever had the right to outlaw this plant’s use in the first place. We used it for thousands of years all through history. It was basically man’s best fiend. But the big money didn’t want it that way, the same big money that controls our governments in the shadows, they wanted sell their own… Do the things their own way so they could make big profits, so the first thing you do, prohibit cannabis. Cannabis doesn’t present a danger to the public, but it does present a great danger to these big money types.

Gotcha. Well, they say that people have changed due to inspiration or desperation and it feels like we’re at desperate times now for some of these medical researchers and people who are dying in-sick. Could you just tell our viewers a little bit what’s the difference who people that are neophytes and just beginning between Rick Simpson Oil and say temp oil or CBD type oil? Give us a background.

Well, the oils that I produced were all from the indica strains, they heavy sedative indica strains, and the more powerful the better. And that really, that’s the real what they call now, the Rick Simpson Oil, that’s the real oil, but thanks to Sanjay Gupta and fools like that, they get on CNN and they start spurting off about about CBD. Now, my oils or the extracts that I produced did contain a certain amount of CBD, there’s no question, maybe 2%, maybe even up to 6%, but the THC levels in the oils that I produced were very very high. So, and if you look at things, like the American Cancer Institute itself openly admits that THC is very effective in the treatment of several different forms of cancer. I’ll tell you one thing brother, if you’ve got cancer, you better be looking for THC. Having a small CBD content could be beneficial, no question, but it’s the THC that to me it’s the main cancer killer.

And I would also like to tell people out there that I do not sell this oil, I’m not in the position to supply the extract even to myself, but there’s all kinds of people out there making claims that they’re selling the real Rick Simpson Oil, and they’re… They’re using my name to sell their products. And in many cases people order these extracts and what they get has little or no healing value at all. So, it really is one big scam and I’m disgusted about it all.

I mean, it really disgusts me that this type of thing is going on. And of course the governments, they’re happy to see this taking place, because they wanna see these extracts discredited, and what better way to do that than to let all these criminals scam the public with these extracts that have, like I said, no healing values. It discredits the use of this medication. But the real extracts themselves, if they’re properly made, they really do have the healing powers that I’ve always told the public, so this is what people have to understand. I’m not in this for the money, I simply… We put up the phoenixtears.ca website back in 2004, and we told the whole world how to heal themselves, for nothing. The information’s all there. I sold… I have two books on this subject which are available on my website too, and we brought up the… And actually the first book, Phoenix Tears: The Rick Simpson Story, that’s available in print.

And if we… We just started a publishing firm here in Europe called simpsonramadur.com and you can order the Spanish translations and the English books through that website as well. But the idea was is to give people the knowledge so they could make their own extracts and become self-sufficient. But so many people they just, “No, where do I buy it?” I get these emails all the time, “Where can I go to get the extracts?” Well, how would I know? I have no idea about the medical qualities of extracts produced by others. So, it’s impossible for me to answer such questions and like I said, my goal was to have people produce their own. And they always come back, “Well, it’s against the law where I live.” Damn, it was against the law practically everywhere until just recently, but if you have a sick or dying loved one, damn the laws. Roll the cannabis you need and produce the extract to heal them. These governments, and the whole thing is nothing but a fraud, and I think it’s just about time for the human race to grow up.

That sounds like it’s happening worldwide. You’re actually right at the beginning of the legal tipping point and tidal wave for this subject. In our lifetime, in 2016. Look what’s going on in the US and Europe, and what’s gonna happen when the US goes federally. You’ll be one of the guys on the Mount Rushmore of this movement.

Well, I don’t really care about that, it’s like I said, the oil is really the hero in all of this… It’s just that I got put in the circumstances where I had to use the oil to deal with my own medical problems. And believe me, when I started discovering the real healing powers of this substance, I was just blown away.

I had cancer patients coming to me, people dying with terminal cancer, they were also diabetics, they had arthritis, and all kinds of problems. They would get on these extracts and everything that was wrong with them would just disappear over a short period of time. I had arthritis and things myself, it all disappeared. The oil brought me back to a healthy weight, and then it cured my cancer. People get up there and they say, “Oh, how dare you say that cannabis cures cancer.” Well, I have the pathology reports and everything to prove that it had. And I had a huge amount of evidence to back me up.

I went through the corrupted legal system in Canada. And these judges and the rest of them, they’re all involved in this right up to their necks. Because again, like I said, no one ever had the right to outlaw this plant in the first place. And really, what’s been going on in Canada, 1923, they outlawed it in Canada. 1937 they used the tax act in the US to basically outlaw it. And since that time, both the Canadian government and the American government have been committing genocide against their own people. Harry Anslinger went to United Nations, I think it was in 1954, and he had cannabis declared to be a non medicinal plant. Look at this plant’s history. It’s used in medicine.

How dare anybody say that cannabis is non medicinal. And then the single convention tree in 1961 and then some treaties afterwards… Basically if you wanted to be a member of the esteemed United Nations, which is also controlled by the rich elite, then you had to make sure that your public did not have access to cannabis. The whole thing is a fraud and it disturbs me that so many people worldwide are suffering and dying, for no other reason than greed. And this is what this is all about because in reality our world is being run by… You can only call them what they are, they’re a pack of psychopaths. And all they want is money and power, and they don’t care who they have to hurt or harm to get what they want. And that’s whats going on.

Let me ask you... as far as having as much history and knowledge about the oil, if I had a time machine and could look three years in the future, when there’s a lot of research on this and you’ll be vindicated or validated; what are the three things that the oil you’re recommending are gonna show us. What are the three that I don’t know right now. Is it gonna cure x cancer… What do you know that that we’re all gonna find out say, three years from now?

Well, see, the problem is the proper research has always been held back.

Yep.

This has been my goal, to get a big facility, a big firm, grow the proper strains, produce the extracts, and then evolve them to even higher healing levels, which would be quite easy to do. But when people caught on to all this and they all started running off in different directions. To me, what I see happening in the US makes absolutely no sense. Even the cannabis movement itself, you look at organizations like NORML, and they’re going along with the government. Please tax and regulate it. We don’t need… We grew this plant for thousands of years with no regulations at all, so why do we need to regulate it? Nobody dies from cannabis. This is ridiculous. But, what I see happening right now, the governments are all trying to keep a lid on this because they want their friends in the pharmaceutical industry to control this. But the simple truth is, most of us really don’t have much money. And are we gonna go out, and are we going to pay the pharmaceutical industry tens of thousands of dollars for a treatment that we can grow right in our own backyards and produce ourselves? By now people should realize the pharmaceutical industry, they’re nothing but a pack of gangsters. And if they supplied extracts, they would never supply you with the real thing, because they don’t want you to heal.

They want you to keep coming back and buying more. So this is what I see happening. The governments are playing this control game right now, but I think in a short time within the next couple years, that people will just say, “Get lost.” They’ll go out and grow their own cannabis. They can’t put everybody in jail. And I really think that what’s happening now is going to allow the cannabis plant to set itself free. And when we set the cannabis plant free, we also set ourselves free from all this domination from these mega rich individuals.

And here’s what people have to understand. These big-money types they control our governments, our governments in turn control the medical system, the legal system and practically everything else in our lives. And they’re all bought and paid for. They’re not working for the people, and I don’t think they ever have.​

https://www.sociedelic.com/cure-cancer-with-cannabis-thc-not-cbd-says-rick-simpson/
 
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Dr. Harendra Parekh

Cane toad venom attacks prostate cancer cells, spares healthy cells

by Rosa Ellen and Xavier La Canna

Bufo is a group of over 150 species of toads. Nearly all of these contain a venom in their skin called bufotoxin, a mild psychedelic, and bufotenin, a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. The Cane toad is one of these. Researchers have found that cane toad secretion kills prostate cancer cells while sparing healthy cells.

Dr. Harendra Parekh from the University of Queensland said a student had discovered Australia's toad to be similar to the Asiatic toad which has been used in Chinese medicine for thousands of years.

"We have what we believe is a selectively toxic agent, which can kill tumor cells, but spare healthy cells. The poison from Cane toads is very effective at killing cancer cells, and in particular, prostate cancer cells," Dr. Parekh said.

But while the drug has been used for a long time in Asia it can be dangerous in its raw form, and Dr. Parekh and his team have been trying to make the drug more soluble.

"Once we determine that the toxicity has been sustained, even after increasing solubility, the next stage will involve innovative drug delivery systems, sent to cancer tissue," he said.

The team at the Queensland University has received a grant from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and a Chinese research institute. Dr Jing Jing comes from a long line of Chinese medical practitioners and said she could foresee a market for Australian cane toads. In China the Asiatic toad is threatened by over demand and pollution making the animals harder to obtain. The researchers said Australia's cane toads could also be seen as more desirable because of their relatively clean habitat.​

The researchers hope to have the initial screenings and studies carried out on the venom within 12-18 months.

"It is about bringing Chinese medicine into the 21st century so that it can be more accepted and more marketable in the West," Dr. Parekh said.

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-1...-cells/5750114
 
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