N&PD Moderators: Skorpio | thegreenhand
NSFW:
^ Are you the same person as the OP? Anyway I have not studied neurology in any significant depth, but from my uneducated position I would say your questions are far too broad for anyone to give a definitive answer. I would expect that every part of the neuron can be damaged by something, to a greater or lesser degree depending on what substance you're talking about. Presumably the effectiveness of various ions in preventing damage would also depend on by what mechanism the damage is being done in the first place.
If neurotoxicity from e.g. methamphetamine does occur, it occurs first in the nerve terminals. The nerve terminal is the very tip of the axon - these are the ends that release neurotransmitters such as serotonin. They are the most vulnerable part here.do you know which part or parts get damaged from high doses?.
and can Na+ , Ca2+ ,etc decrease the damage done?.