So you mean a vacuum pump or a water aspirator? A water pump is definitely not enough to speed up water evaporation in a significant way. With a vacuum pump it is certainly feasible but you might still need to heat the solution a little bit. The process has no effect on codeine.
Am I correct that you have codeine freebase dissolved in water? Codeine is very poorly soluble in water, so if it is indeed an aqueous solution of codeine freebase, then a much better idea would be to simply extract codeine into an organic solvent.
EDIT: Ah, it just got to me what you really meant. I'm not sure how much vacuum you can generate with your water aspirator. Water aspirators using tap water I work with typically generate enough vacuum to make filtration fast and perhaps slowly evaporate diethyl ether, so I can't help you more on this. :/