With respect to 2-bromo-2,2-diethylacetamide:
The nearby amide activates the alkyl-bromide and renders it an effective alkylating agent. Read: Carcinogenic!!!
Conclusion: Same as above.
That was my first though, but it's a tertiary alkyl bromide, so unreactive? At least no more reactive than a normal tertiary alkyl halide, as the carbonyl can't stabilise the carbocation resulting from loss of Br-
I would think that it does not react according to SN2, but SN1 is no too unlikely. Some reasons:
- the eletron-withdrawing amide destabilizes the carbon-bromide-bond
- bromide is a very good leaving group
- the intermediate carbocation is stabilized to some extend by 2 ethyl-residues with a +I-effect
- SN1-reactions are favoured in dipolar-protic media (e.g. water, as this is the case
in vivo)
Furthermore can the carbonyl-group provide support for the substitution of the bromine-atome by the so-called "neighbouring effect".
By the way, 2-bromo-2,2-diethylacetamide (a.k.a "carbromide" or bromoethylbutyramide) is a metabolite of the now obsolete sedative "carbromal", and in addition to the above discussed alkylating properties was it shown to have cardiotoxic effects (
Arch Toxicol 1978,
40(2), p.151) and to cause hypothermia (
Arch Toxicol 1978,
40(3), p.211). Another drawback is the very long elimination halflife of bromide ions created in the metabolism of this compound (up to 12 days), which can lead easily to their accumulation upon repeated usage.
Peace! -
Murphy