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Peganum harmala - ingredients and uses.

izo

izo

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Mar 22, 2006
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from rätschs encyclopedia:

preparation and dosage
By far the most common use of Peganum harmala is to smoke the dry seeds, sometimes with others
Substances are combined, sprinkled on glowing charcoal or charcoal (cf. incense). The seeds are also called
Component of smoking mixtures, e.g. with hashish (cf. Cannabis indica),
used. In Ladakh, the seeds are grown on a
roasted on a red-hot iron plate, ground very finely and then, either pure or mixed with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum),
smoked (NAVCHOO and BUTH 1990: 320* ). A particularly effective preparation for smoking is made from 15 g of seeds and
obtained from the juice of a lemon.
The ground seeds are carefully mixed with a little water and the lemon juice
boiled down until a paste forms. This, mixed with tobacco, is smoked and is said to be intoxicating and aphrodisiac
have effects.
For internal purposes in Pakistan, 5 to 10 g of the uncrushed seeds are taken with water after a meal
(GOODMAN and GHAFOOR 1992: 25*). In Morocco, the seeds are preserved in wine (Vitis vinifera) (Harmelwein). the
powdered seeds serve as a snuff to get a "clear mind" (VRIES 1984*).
Up to 20g of the ground seeds have been ingested for psychoactive purposes, however, this dosage can be dangerous
already lead to severe poisoning. »More than 4 mg/kg (oral) of the two substances [ harmine and harmaline ] have an effect on the
Hallucinogenic in humans” (ROTH et al. 1994: 5480. About 3 to 4 g of the crushed seeds (about a teaspoonful) act as a DMT-activating agent
MAO inhibitors in ayahuasca analogues. Incidentally, it is not necessary to remove the seeds or
the powder (in
gelatin capsule) to swallow. You can draw out the same amount with cold water and use the solution.
In recent years, many psychonauts have come up with the most adventurous combinations of Harmelseed and others
psychoactive substances (Lophophora williamsii, Phalaris arundinacea, Psilocybe spp., Trichocereus pachanoi,
mescaline, LSD
etc.) (DEKORNE 1995*, TURNER 1994*). Extreme caution should be exercised with such self-experiments!
Better too little than too much!
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ingredients
Herb and seeds contain the ß-carbolines harmine, harmaline, and related bases such as harmalol, harmidine (ALSHAMMA
et al. 1981, DEGTYAREV et al. 1984). There are also quinazoline alkaloids with a similar structure: (-)-
Vasicin, (±)-vasicin, vasicinone, pegalin, tetrahydroharmane, deoxyvasicinone.
The alkaloid content in the seeds varies
between 2 and 6% (ROTH et al. 1994: 548*). In addition to the ß-carbolines, the herb of the Syrian rue contains a pleasant
fragrant essential oil that has a relaxing effect on the muscles in massage oils, as well as vitamin C and fatty acids.
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Effect
The seeds have an antidepressant and imaginative effect. It also becomes greater after ingestion of dreamlike states
amounts reported. The alkaloids as well as the total extract of the seeds act as MAO inhibitors, i.e. they prevent the
Release of the endogenous enzyme monoamino oxidase (= MAO), which releases certain endogenous neurotransmitters
(serotonin) and exogenous toxins. As a result, certain active ingredients (N,NDMT, 5-Me0-DMT, ß-
Phenethylamine) become effective orally (cf. Banisteriopsis caapi, Ayahuasca, Ayahuasca analogues).
At the University of Lawrence, Kansas, it was demonstrated that the Harmin
has an antibiotic effect against microorganisms (microbes) (AL-SHAMMA et al. 1981; cf. also HARSH and NAG 1984). A
In animal experiments, extract from the stems and leaves has shown abortive and antifertility properties (SHAPIRA et al. 1989).
Maybe the ß-
Carbolines pass into the smoke and can thus reduce the effects of other smoked substances (e.g. THC). potentiate.
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2015 - In vivo evaluation of the antitussive, expectorant and bronchodilating effects of extract and fractions from aerial parts of Peganum harmala linn

Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Aerial parts of Peganum harmala Linn (APP) is used as traditional medical herb in Uighur medicine in China, and it is traditionally used for treatment of cough and asthma.The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antitussive, expectorant and bronchodilating effects of extract and fractions (alkaloids and flavonoids) from APP, and to support its folk use with scientific evidence, and lay a foundation for its further researches.
Materials and methods
APP was extracted with 50% ethanol by reflux, extracts were concentrated in vacuum to afford total extract of APP (EXT). EXT was separated to provide alkaloid fraction (ALK) and flavonoid fraction (FLA) by macroporous resin. Antitussive evaluations were carried out with cough models in mice and guinea pigs induced by ammonia liquor, capsaicin, and citric acid. Phenol red secretion experiments in mice were performed to evaluate the expectorant activity. Bronchodilating activities were evaluated with a bronchoconstrictive challenge induced by acetylcholine chloride and histamine in guinea pigs.
Results
In all the three antitussive tests, the EXT and ALK could significantly inhibit the frequency of cough, and prolong the cough latent period in animals. High dose of EXT (1650 mg/kg) and ALK (90 mg/kg) in mice and in guinea pigs created therapeutic activities as good as that of codeine phosphate (30 mg/kg). EXT could significantly increase phenol red secretion in mice for 0.64, 1.08 and 1.29 fold averagely at dosages of 183, 550, and 1650 mg/kg, ALK for 0.63, 0.96, 1.06 fold averagely at dosages of 10, 30, and 90 mg/kg, and ammonium chloride (1500 mg/kg, standard expectorant drug) for 0.97 fold, comparing with control group. Aminophylline could dramatically prolong the preconvulsive time for 162.28% in guinea pigs, EXT for 67.34%, 101.96% and 138.00% at dosages of 183, 550, and 1650 mg/kg, ALK for 55.47%, 97.74% and 126.77% at dosages of 10, 30, and 90 mg/kg, and FLA for 84.69%, 95.94% and 154.52% at dosages of 10, 30, and 90 mg/kg, comparing with pretreatment.
Conclusions
APP is an effective traditional folk medicine for the treatment of cough with potent antitussive, expectorant and bronchodilating activities. The alkaloid fraction is proved to be the most effective components of APP. The alkaloids from APP may be valuable lead compounds for drug development of respiratory diseases.
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2017 - Anti-amnesic effect of extract and alkaloid fraction from aerial parts of Peganum harmala on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Aerial parts of Peganum harmala Linn (APP) is used as traditional medical herb for treatment of forgetfulness in Uighur medicine in China. But, the active ingredients and underlying mechanisms are unclear.
Aim of the study: The present study was undertaken to investigate the improvement effects of extract and alkaloid fraction from APP on scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms of action, and to support its folk use with scientific evidence, and lay a foundation for its further researches.
Materials and methods: The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of extract (EXT), alkaloid fraction (ALK) and flavonoid fraction (FLA) from APP were evaluated in normal male C57BL/6 mice. The anti-amnesic effects of EXT and ALK from APP were measured in scopolamine-induced memory deficits mice by the Morris water maze (MWM) tasks. The levels of biomarkers, enzyme activity and protein expression of cholinergic system were determined in brain tissues.
Results: The AChE activity was significantly decreased and the content of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) was significantly increased in normal mice cortex and hippocampus by treatment with donepezil at dosage of 8mg/kg, EXT at dosages of 183, 550, 1650mg/kg and ALK at dosages of 10, 30, 90mg/kg (P<0.05), and the AChE activity and the content of ACh were not significantly changed in cortex and hippocampus after treatment with FLA at dosages of 10, 30, 90mg/kg (P>0.05). In the MWM task, scopolamine-induced a decrease in both the swimming time within the target zone and the number of crossings where the platform had been placed were significantly reversed by treatment with EXT at dosages of 550, 1650mg/kg and ALK at dosages of 30, 90mg/kg (P<0.05). Moreover, the activity and protein expression of AChE was significantly decreased and the content of neurotransmitter ACh was significantly increased in cerebral cortex of scopolamine-induced mice by treatment with EXT at dosages of 183, 550, 1650mg/kg and ALK at dosages of 10, 30, 90mg/kg (P<0.05), compared with scopolamine-treated group.
Conclusions: EXT and ALK from APP exert beneficial effect on learning and memory processes in mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. APP is an effective traditional folk medicine and the ALK fraction is proved to be the main effective components for the treatment of forgetfulness. The ALK may be valuable source for lead compounds discovery and drug development for treatment of memory impairment such as in Alzheimer's disease.
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2015 - Antitussive, expectorant, and bronchodilating effects of quinazoline alkaloids (±)-vasicine, deoxyvasicine, and (±)-vasicinone from aerial parts of Peganum harmala L



Abstract
Background: The aerial parts of Peganum harmala L. (APP) is a well-known and effective herbal medicine in China, and has been commonly used for treating various ailments, including cough and asthma.
Objectives: To evaluate the antitussive, expectorant, and bronchodilating effects of the quinazoline alkaloids (±)-vasicine (VAS), deoxyvasicine (DVAS) (both isolated from the alkaloid fraction of APP) and (±)-vasicinone (VAO) (synthesized from VAS).
Methods: The three quinazoline alkaloids were tested as antitussive on cough models in mice and guinea pigs. VAO was synthesized from VAS via the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. VAS, VAO, and DVAS were orally administered at dosages of 5, 15, and 45 mg/kg. Cough in these models was induced by ammonia, capsaicin, and citric acid. Phenol red secretion experiments in mice were performed to evaluate the expectorant activity of the alkaloids. Bronchodilating effects were evaluated by using a bronchoconstrictive induced by acetylcholine chloride and histamine in guinea pigs.
Results: In antitussive tests, VAS, VAO, and DVAS significantly inhibited coughing frequency and prolonged the cough latency period in animals. At the highest doses tested (45 mg/kg), they showed antitussive activities similar to codeine phosphate (30 mg/kg) in mice and guinea pigs. Expectorant evaluation showed that VAS, VAO, and DVAS could significantly increase phenol red secretion in mice by 0.54-, 0.79- and 0.97-fold, by 0.60-, 0.99-, and 1.06-fold, and by 0.46-, 0.73-, and 0.96-fold, respectively, at dosages of 5, 15, and 45 mg/kg compared with the control (0.5% CMC-Na, 20 ml/kg). Ammonium chloride at 1500 mg/kg increased phenol red secretion in mice by 0.97-fold compared with the control. Bronchodilation tests showed that VAS, VAO, and DVAS prolonged the pre-convulsive time for 28.59%, 57.21%, and 29.66%, respectively, at a dose of 45 mg/kg in guinea pigs, whereas aminophylline prolonged the pre-convulsive time by 46.98% compared with pretreatment.
Conclusions: Quinazoline alkaloids VAS, VAO, and DVAS have significant antitussive, expectorant, and bronchodilating activities. VAS, VAO, and DVAS are the active ingredients in APP, which can be used to treat respiratory disease.
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2007 - Treatment of natural tropical theileriosis with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala

Abstract: Theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite of cattle and domestic buffaloes, is transmitted by ticks of the
genus Hyalomma, and causes a disease named Mediterranean or tropical theileriosis. In this research 50 cattle naturally
infected with Theileria annulata were treated with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala. The treatment was
continued for 5 days, the dose of the extract being 5 mg/kg per day. After the treatment, 39 cattle responded to the
treatment and recovered, but 11 did not respond to the treatment and died. The recovery rate of animals treated with
the extract of the plant Peganum harmala was 78%.
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paper roll:

2007 - Treatment of natural tropical theileriosis with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala.pdf
2015 - Antitussive, expectorant, and bronchodilating effects of quinazoline alkaloids (ñ)-vasicine, deoxyvasicine, and (ñ)-vasicinone from aerial parts of Peganum harmala L.pdf
2015 - In vivo evaluation of the antitussive, expectorant and bronchodilating effects of extract and fractions from aerial parts of Peganum harmala linn.pdf
2017 - Anti-amnesic effect of extract and alkaloid fraction from aerial parts of Peganum harmala on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice.pdf
 
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